| Anticholinesterase or cholinesterase inhibitors (Myasthenia gravis , Alzheimer's disease , Glaucoma , Nerve gas or pesticide poisoning.) (1) Rivastigmine (2) Physostigmine (3) Galantamine (4) Pralidoxime (5) Donepezil (6) Echothiophate (7) Atropine sulphate |
| Furosemide (Lasix, Frusemide) Congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema, ascites Dog: 1-4 mg/kg (PO BID-TID) Cat: 1-2 mg/kg (PO BID-TID) |
| Metronidazole (Flagyl, Metrogyl) Giardiasis, anaerobic infections, inflammatory bowel disease. diarrhea caused by Clostridium or Giardia. Dog: 10-25 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: 10-15 mg/kg (PO BID) |
| Clindamycin (Antirobe®, Cleocin®) used for skin infections, dental infections, bone infections, and toxoplasmosis in dogs and cats. Dog: 5-10 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: 5-10 mg/kg (PO BID) |
| Omeprazole (Losec, Omepron) Gastric ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux, gastritis Dog: 0.5-1 mg/kg (PO SID) Cat: 0.5-1 mg/kg (PO SID) |
| Tramadol (Tramal, Contramal) Moderate pain, post-operative pain Dog: 3-5 mg/kg (PO BID-TID) Cat: 1-2 mg/kg (PO BID) |
| Doxycycline (Doxytab, Doxyvet) Ehrlichiosis, respiratory infections, tick-borne diseases Dog: 5-10 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: 5 mg/kg (PO BID) |
| Praziquantel (Droncit) Tapeworms (Dipylidium, Taenia, Echinococcus) Dog: 5–10 mg/kg (PO or injectable once) Cat: 5–10 mg/kg (PO or injectable once) |
| Meloxicam (Melonex, Metacam) Osteoarthritis, post-operative pain Dog: 0.1 mg/kg (PO SID) Cat: 0.05 mg/kg (PO SID) |
| Ketoconazole (Ketofung, Nizoral) Used for Malassezia dermatitis, dermatophytosis, and fungal otitis. Fungal infections, hyperadrenocorticism Dog: 5-10 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: 5-10 mg/kg (PO SID) |
| Spironolactone , potassium-sparing diuretic(Aldactone, Spiractin) Congestive heart failure, refractory edema, hyperaldosteronism, ascites. Dog: 1-2 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: 1-2 mg/kg (PO SID) |
| Itraconazole (Itrafungol, Sporanox) Systemic fungal infections, ringworm Dog: 5-10 mg/kg (PO SID) Cat: 5-10 mg/kg (PO SID) |
| Diphenhydramine (Benadryl), Antihistamine, antiemetic) Allergic reactions. pruritus, insect stings, vaccine reactions, motion sickness. Allergic cough, upper airway irritation, allergic rhinitis, upper airway irritation, Dog: 2-4 mg/kg (PO BID-TID) Cat: 1 mg/kg (PO BID) |
| Fluconazole (Flucozole, Diflucan) Systemic fungal infections, urinary fungal infections Dog: 5-10 mg/kg (PO SID) Cat: 5-10 mg/kg (PO SID) |
| Phenobarbital (Gardenal, Luminal) Epilepsy, seizure control Dog: 2-5 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: 2-3 mg/kg (PO BID) |
| Carprofen (Rimadyl, Canidryl) Anterior uveitis, anti-inflammatory, analgesia, Osteoarthritis., post-operative pain. musculoskeletal pain, Dog: 2-4 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: Not recommended |
| Albendazole (Zentel, Albenza) Intestinal parasites, giardiasis Dog: 25 mg/kg (PO BID for 2 days) Cat: 25 mg/kg (PO BID for 2 days) |
| Levothyroxine (T4 tablet, Leventa) Canine hypothyroidism Dog: 0.02 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: Not typically used |
| Gabapentin (Neurontin, Gabin) Neuropathic pain, anxiety, feline hyperesthesia syndrome Dog: 10-20 mg/kg (PO BID-TID) Cat: 5-10 mg/kg (PO BID-TID) |
| Mirtazapine (Remeron, Mirataz) Appetite stimulant, anti-nausea Dog: 0.5 mg/kg (PO SID-EOD) Cat: 1.88-3.75 mg (PO q72h) |
| Apomorphine (Apokyn) Emesis induction (poisoning cases) Dog: 0.03 mg/kg (IV/IM) Cat: Not recommended |
| Ondansetron (Zofran) Chemotherapy-induced vomiting, severe nausea, serotonin syndrome treatment, Dog: 0.1–0.5 mg/kg (IV/PO BID–TID) Cat: 0.11–0.22 mg/kg (IV/PO BID) |
| Terbinafine (Lamisil, Terbifin) Dermatophytosis, fungal infections Dog: 20-30 mg/kg (PO SID) Cat: 20-40 mg/kg (PO SID) |
| Dexamethasone (Dexadreson, Dexasone) Severe inflammation, airway inflammation, immune-mediated diseases. Severe asthma. Dog: 0.1-0.2 mg/kg (PO/IV SID-BID) Cat: 0.1-0.2 mg/kg (PO/IV SID) |
| Hydroxyzine (Atarax, Hyzine) Pruritus, allergic dermatitis. , urticaria Dog: 2.2 mg/kg (PO TID) Cat: 1-2 mg/kg (PO BID) |
| Lactulose (Duphalac, Laevolac) Hepatic encephalopathy, Chronic constipation Dog: 0.5 ml/kg (PO BID-TID) Cat: 0.5 ml/kg (PO BID) |
| Metoclopramide (Reglan, Perinorm) Gastric motility disorders, vomiting Dog: 0.2-0.5 mg/kg (PO/IV TID-QID) Cat: 0.2-0.4 mg/kg (PO/IV TID) |
| Silymarin (Milk Thistle, Legalon) Hepatic support, toxin protection Dog: 5-15 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: 5-10 mg/kg (PO BID) |
| Cefovecin (Convenia) Skin infections, urinary tract infections, long-acting antibiotic Dog: 8 mg/kg (SC single dose) Cat: 8 mg/kg (SC single dose) |
| Enalapril (Enacard, Vasotec) Congestive heart failure, hypertension Dog: 0.5 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: 0.25-0.5 mg/kg (PO SID-BID) |
| Fenbendazole (Panacur, Safe-Guard) Intestinal parasites, giardiasis Dog: 50 mg/kg (PO SID for 3-5 days) Cat: 50 mg/kg (PO SID for 3-5 days) |
| Griseofulvin (Fulvicin, Grisovin) Dermatophytosis, ringworm infections Dog: 25-50 mg/kg (PO SID) Cat: 25-50 mg/kg (PO SID) |
| Hydrocortisone (Cortavance, Cortisol) Allergic dermatitis, pruritus Dog: 0.5-1 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: 0.5 mg/kg (PO SID) |
| Josamycin (Josacine, Josalid) Respiratory infections, skin infections Dog: 25 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: 25 mg/kg (PO BID) |
| Ketoprofen (Ketofen, Ketonal) Post-operative pain, musculoskeletal pain. , musculoskeletal inflammation. Dog: 1 mg/kg (PO SID) Cat: 1 mg/kg (PO SID) |
| Lufenuron (Insect growth inhibitor, Sentinel) Flea control, flea egg development inhibitor Dog: 10 mg/kg (PO monthly) Cat: 30 mg/kg (PO monthly) |
| Pradofloxacin (Veraflox, Pradocil) Bacterial infections, pyoderma Dog: 3-5 mg/kg (PO SID) Cat: 5 mg/kg (PO SID) |
| Bromhexine (Bisolvon, Bronhexine) Respiratory conditions, mucolytic agent Dog: 0.5-1 mg/kg (PO BID-TID) Cat: 0.5 mg/kg (PO BID) |
| Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine, Vomex) Motion sickness, vomiting Dog: 4-8 mg/kg (PO TID) Cat: 2-4 mg/kg (PO BID) |
| Emodepside (Profender, Emodepside) Intestinal parasites, roundworms Dog: 1-3 mg/kg (Topical) Cat: 1-3 mg/kg (Topical) |
| Flunixin Meglumine (Banamine, Flunixiject) Colic pain, anti-inflammatory Dog: 0.5-1 mg/kg (IV/IM SID) Cat: Not recommended |
| Guaifenesin (Robitussin, Guaituss) Cough suppressant, expectorant Dog: 3-5 mg/kg (PO TID-QID) Cat: 2-3 mg/kg (PO BID-TID) |
| Hyoscine Butylbromide (Buscopan, Hyoscine) Gastrointestinal spasms, colic Dog: 0.3-0.5 mg/kg (IV/IM) Cat: 0.3 mg/kg (IV/IM) |
| Imidacloprid (Advantage, K9 Advantix), insecticide Fleas control, lice control, also repels ticks and mosquitoes Dog: Topical 10–25 mg/kg once monthly Cat: Topical 10 mg/kg once monthly |
| Levofloxacin (Levaquin, Levoxin) Respiratory infections, UTIs Dog: 5-10 mg/kg (PO SID) Cat: 5 mg/kg (PO SID) |
| Mebendazole (Telmin, Vermox) Intestinal worms, dewormer Dog: 22 mg/kg (PO SID for 3 days) Cat: 22 mg/kg (PO SID for 3 days) |
| Tetracycline (Achromycin) Bacterial infections (e.g., respiratory, urinary tract, skin), tick-borne diseases (e.g., ehrlichiosis), chlamydiosis Dog: 10–25 mg/kg orally every 8–12 hours Cat: 10–25 mg/kg orally every 8–12 hours (use with caution due to risk of esophageal injury—give with water or food) |
| Oxytetracycline (Terramycin, Oxytet) Bacterial infections, chlamydia Dog: 10-20 mg/kg (PO TID) Cat: 10 mg/kg (PO BID) |
| Quinidine (Quinidine, Quinidex) Cardiac arrhythmias Dog: 6-20 mg/kg (PO TID-QID) Cat: Not recommended |
| Rifampin (Rifadin, Rifampicin) Atypical mycobacterial infections, Tuberculosis, brucellosis. Feline leprosy. Dog: 5-10 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: 5 mg/kg (PO SID) |
| Selamectin(Insect growth regulator) Used for prevention of heartworm disease and treatment of fleas, ear mites, sarcoptic mange, and some intestinal parasites. Dog: Topical per product label monthly Cat: Topical per product label monthly |
| Thiacetarsamide (Caparsolate, Thiacetarsamide) Adult heartworm treatment Dog: 2.2 mg/kg (IV BID for 2 days) Cat: Not recommended |
| Ursodeoxycholic Acid (Ursofalk, Ursodiol) Gallstone dissolution, liver support Dog: 10-15 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: 10-15 mg/kg (PO BID) |
| Vitamin K1 (Phytomenadione, Konakion) Anticoagulant poisoning Dog: 1-5 mg/kg (PO/SC SID) Cat: 1-5 mg/kg (PO/SC SID) |
| Amphotericin B (Fungizone, AmBisome) Systemic fungal infections and algal infections,, blastomycosis , Gastric pythiosis Dog: 0.25-0.5 mg/kg (IV every other day) Cat: 0.25 mg/kg (IV every other day) |
| Bupivacaine (Marcaine, Sensorcaine) Local anesthesia, nerve blocks Dog: 1-2 mg/kg (local infiltration) Cat: 1 mg/kg (local infiltration) |
| Cefpodoxime (Simplicef, Vantin) Skin infections, Pyoderma UTIs Dog: 5-10 mg/kg (PO SID) Cat: 5 mg/kg (PO SID) |
| Doramectin (Dectomax, Doramectin) Parasitic infections, mange Dog: 0.2-0.4 mg/kg (SC) Cat: Not recommended |
| Epoetin Alfa (Epogen, Eprex) Anemia of chronic kidney disease Dog: 100-150 U/kg (SC 3x weekly) Cat: 100 U/kg (SC 3x weekly) |
| Florfenicol (Nuflor, Florfen) Respiratory infections, Staphylococcal Qtitis infection Dog: 20 mg/kg (IM every 48h) Cat: Not recommended |
| Granisetron (Kytril, Granisetron) Chemotherapy-induced vomiting Dog: 0.01 mg/kg (IV SID) Cat: 0.01 mg/kg (IV SID) |
| Isoflurane (Isoflurane, Forane) Inhalation anesthesia Dog: 1.5-2.5% (inhalation) Cat: 1.5-2% (inhalation) |
| Levetiracetam (Keppra, Levetiracetam) Seizure control, epilepsy Dog: 20 mg/kg (PO TID) Cat: 20 mg/kg (PO BID) |
| Nystatin (Mycostatin, Nystatin) Fungal infections, candidiasis Dog: 100,000 U/kg (PO TID) Cat: 100,000 U/kg (PO TID) |
| Pentobarbital (Nembutal) Euthanasia, anesthesia Dog: 30 mg/kg (IV) Cat: 30 mg/kg (IV) |
| Quinidine (Quinidine, Quinidex) Cardiac arrhythmias Dog: 6-20 mg/kg (PO TID-QID) Cat: Not recommended |
| Rocuronium (Zemuron, Rocuronium) Neuromuscular blockade Dog: 0.4-0.6 mg/kg (IV) Cat: 0.3-0.5 mg/kg (IV) |
| Sevoflurane (Sevoflurane, Sevorane) Inhalation anesthesia Dog: 2.5-4% (inhalation) Cat: 2-3.5% (inhalation) |
| Thiopental (Pentothal) Induction of anesthesia Dog: 10-20 mg/kg (IV) Cat: 10-15 mg/kg (IV) |
| Vecuronium (Norcuron, Vecuronium) Neuromuscular blockade Dog: 0.1 mg/kg (IV) Cat: 0.1 mg/kg (IV) |
| Zonisamide (Zonegran, Zonisamide) Adjunctive therapy for refractory seizures, Refractory epilepsy Dog: 5-10 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: 5 mg/kg (PO BID) |
| Calcium Gluconate Hypocalcemia (e.g., eclampsia), hyperkalemia, magnesium toxicity, hypoparathyroidism Dog: 50–150 mg/kg IV slowly with ECG monitoring Cat: 50–100 mg/kg IV slowly with ECG monitoring |
| Potassium Chloride Hypokalemia, cardiac arrhythmias Dog: 0.5-1 mEq/kg (IV in fluids over 4-6h) Cat: 0.5 mEq/kg (IV in fluids over 4-6h) |
| Sodium Bicarbonate Metabolic acidosis, urinary alkalinization Dog: 1 mEq/kg (IV slowly) Cat: 0.5-1 mEq/kg (IV slowly) |
| Dextrose 50% Hypoglycemia, insulin overdose Dog: 1-2 ml/kg (IV diluted 1:1) Cat: 0.5-1 ml/kg (IV diluted 1:1) |
| Lactated Ringer's Solution Fluid therapy, dehydration Dog: 10-90 ml/kg/day (IV) Cat: 10-60 ml/kg/day (IV) |
| Normal Saline (0.9% NaCl) Fluid resuscitation, hyponatremia Dog: 10-90 ml/kg/day (IV) Cat: 10-60 ml/kg/day (IV) |
| Hetastarch (HES) Colloid therapy, hypovolemia Dog: 10-20 ml/kg (IV) Cat: 5-10 ml/kg (IV) |
| Dextran 70 Plasma volume expansion Dog: 10-20 ml/kg (IV) Cat: 5-10 ml/kg (IV) |
| Vitamin B Complex Nutritional support, anorexia Dog: 1-2 ml (IM/SC SID) Cat: 0.5-1 ml (IM/SC SID) |
| Dobutamine Cardiogenic shock Dog: 2-20 μg/kg/min (IV infusion) Cat: 2-10 μg/kg/min (IV infusion) |
| Dopamine Hypotension, shock Dog: 2-20 μg/kg/min (IV infusion) Cat: 2-15 μg/kg/min (IV infusion) |
| Lidocaine Ventricular arrhythmias Dog: 2-4 mg/kg (IV bolus) Cat: 0.25-0.75 mg/kg (IV slowly) |
| Lansoprazole (Prevacid, Zoton) Gastric ulcers, GERD, esophagitis Dog: 0.5-1 mg/kg (PO SID) Cat: 0.5-1 mg/kg (PO SID) |
| Rabeprazole (Aciphex, Pariet) Gastric acid suppression, gastritis Dog: 0.5-1 mg/kg (PO SID) Cat: 0.5 mg/kg (PO SID) |
| Pantoprazole (Protonix, Pantosec) Long-term gastric acid control Dog: 0.5-1 mg/kg (PO/IV SID) Cat: 0.5 mg/kg (PO/IV SID) |
| Bismuth Subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol, Bismuth) Gastritis, diarrhea Dog: 0.5-1 ml/kg (PO TID-QID) Cat: Not recommended |
| Domperidone (Motilium, Domperidone) Gastric stasis, antiemetic Dog: 0.1-0.3 mg/kg (PO TID) Cat: 0.1 mg/kg (PO BID-TID) |
| Nizatidine (Axid) Gastric ulcer treatment Dog: 2.5-5 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: 2.5 mg/kg (PO SID-BID) |
| Simethicone (Gas-X, Infacol) Flatulence, bloating Dog: 20-40 mg (PO TID-QID) Cat: 10-20 mg (PO TID) |
| Kaolin-Pectin (Kaopectate, Pectalin) Mild diarrhea Dog: 1-2 ml/kg (PO QID) Cat: 0.5-1 ml/kg (PO TID) |
| Oxacillin (Prostaphlin, Oxacillin) Penicillinase-producing staphylococcal infections, skin/soft tissue infections, bone/joint infections, pneumonia, endocarditis Dog: 22-40 mg/kg (PO/IV TID-QID) Cat: 22 mg/kg (PO/IV TID) |
| Nafcillin (Nallpen, Nafcillin) Methicillin-sensitive staphylococcal infections, cellulitis, abscesses, mastitis, septic arthritis Dog: 10-25 mg/kg (IV/IM QID) Cat: 10-20 mg/kg (IV/IM QID) |
| Cloxacillin (Tegopen, Cloxacillin) Staphylococcal skin infections, wound infections, pyoderma, otitis externa Dog: 20-40 mg/kg (PO TID-QID) Cat: 20 mg/kg (PO TID) |
| Dicloxacillin (Dynapen, Dicloxacillin) Beta-lactamase producing staphylococcal infections, impetigo, folliculitis Dog: 10-25 mg/kg (PO TID-QID) Cat: 10-15 mg/kg (PO TID) |
| Cefazolin (Ancef, Kefzol) Surgical prophylaxis, skin/soft tissue infections, urinary tract infections, septicemia Dog: 20-35 mg/kg (IV/IM TID-QID) Cat: 20-25 mg/kg (IV/IM TID) |
| Cefoxitin (Mefoxin, Cefoxitin) Intra-abdominal infections, pelvic infections, anaerobic infections Dog: 20-40 mg/kg (IV/IM QID) Cat: 20-30 mg/kg (IV/IM QID) |
| Ceftriaxone (Rocephin, Ceftriaxone) Severe bacterial infections, meningitis, Lyme disease, sepsis Dog: 20-50 mg/kg (IV/IM SID-BID) Cat: 20-30 mg/kg (IV/IM SID) |
| Cefotaxime , Cephalosporins(Claforan, Cefotaxime) Gram-negative sepsis, CNS infections, nosocomial infections Dog: 25-50 mg/kg (IV/IM TID-QID) Cat: 25-30 mg/kg (IV/IM TID) |
| Meropenem (Merrem, Meropenem) Multidrug-resistant infections, nosocomial pneumonia, complicated intra-abdominal infections Dog: 8-12 mg/kg (IV TID) Cat: 8-10 mg/kg (IV TID) |
| Imipenem-Cilastatin (Primaxin, Tienam) Severe polymicrobial infections, febrile neutropenia, endocarditis Dog: 5-10 mg/kg (IV TID-QID) Cat: 5 mg/kg (IV TID) |
| Ertapenem (Invanz, Ertapenem) Complicated skin infections, community-acquired pneumonia, diabetic foot infections Dog: 15 mg/kg (IV/IM SID) Cat: 10 mg/kg (IV/IM SID) |
| Clarithromycin (Biaxin, Klaricid) Helicobacter infections, mycobacterial infections, pyoderma Dog: 5-10 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: 5-7 mg/kg (PO BID) |
| Vancomycin (Vancocin, Vancomycin) MRSA infections, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, pseudomembranous colitis Dog: 10-15 mg/kg (IV BID-TID) Cat: 10 mg/kg (IV BID) |
| Linezolid (Zyvox, Linezolid) VRE infections, MRSA pneumonia, complicated skin infections Dog: 10 mg/kg (PO/IV BID) Cat: 10 mg/kg (PO/IV BID) |
| Daptomycin (Cubicin, Daptomycin) Complicated skin infections, bacteremia, right-sided endocarditis Dog: 4-6 mg/kg (IV SID) Cat: 4 mg/kg (IV SID) |
| Tigecycline (Tygacil, Tigecycline) Complicated intra-abdominal infections, MDR Acinetobacter infections Dog: 2-4 mg/kg (IV BID) Cat: 2 mg/kg (IV BID) |
| Colistin (Coly-Mycin, Colistin) MDR gram-negative infections, Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections Dog: 2-5 mg/kg (IV/IM BID-TID) Cat: 2-3 mg/kg (IV/IM BID) |
| Pyrimethamine (Daraprim, Pyrimethamine) Toxoplasmosis, Neosporosis, protozoal encephalitis, coccidiosis Dog: 0.25-1 mg/kg (PO SID with folic acid) Cat: 0.25-0.5 mg/kg (PO SID with folic acid) |
| Trimethoprim-Sulfa (Tribrissen, Bactrim) Coccidiosis, Pneumocystis pneumonia, bacterial infections Dog: 15-30 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: 15-25 mg/kg (PO BID) |
| Fenbendazole (Panacur, Safe-Guard) Giardiasis, roundworms, hookworms, whipworms Dog: 50 mg/kg (PO SID for 3-5 days) Cat: 50 mg/kg (PO SID for 3-5 days) |
| Ponazuril (Marquis, Toltrazuril sulfone) Neosporosis, coccidiosis, toxoplasmosis Dog: 20 mg/kg (PO SID for 2 days) Cat: 20 mg/kg (PO SID for 2 days) |
| Toltrazuril (Baycox, Toltrazuril) Coccidiosis, cystoisosporosis Dog: 10-20 mg/kg (PO SID for 2-3 days) Cat: 10-20 mg/kg (PO SID for 2-3 days) |
| Albendazole (Zentel, Albenza) Giardiasis, neurocysticercosis, hydatid disease Dog: 25 mg/kg (PO BID for 2 days) Cat: 25 mg/kg (PO BID for 2 days) |
| Nitazoxanide (Alinia, Nitazoxanide) Cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis Dog: 25 mg/kg (PO BID for 3 days) Cat: 25 mg/kg (PO BID for 3 days) |
| Melarsomine (Dirofilaria immitis adulticide) Adult heartworm treatment Dog: 2.5 mg/kg (IM two doses 24h apart) Cat: Not recommended |
| Miltefosine (Milteforan, Miltefosine) Leishmaniasis, amoebic meningoencephalitis Dog: 2 mg/kg (PO SID for 28 days) Cat: 2 mg/kg (PO SID for 28 days) |
| Allopurinol (Zyloprim, Allopurinol) Leishmaniasis (adjunct), urate urolithiasis Dog: 10 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: 10 mg/kg (PO SID) |
| Trazodone (Desyrel) Anxiety, noise phobia, postoperative calming Dog: 2–10 mg/kg (PO SID–BID) Cat: 50–100 mg per cat (PO PRN, use with caution) |
| Buspirone (Buspar) Generalized anxiety, urine spraying (cats), fearfulness Dog: 0.5–2 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: 2.5–7.5 mg per cat (PO SID–BID) |
| Fentanyl citrate (Sublimaze, Duragesic) Severe pain, premedication, intraoperative analgesia, postoperative analgesia. Dog: 2–10 mcg/kg (IV, CRI or transdermal patch) Cat: 2–5 mcg/kg (IV, CRI or transdermal patch) |
| Fentanyl transdermal patch (Durogesic patch) Analgesia, pain control. Dog : 4 mg/kg q 3-4 days; apply 18-24 hr before surgery. (a) under 10 kg: 25 mg/hr (b) 10-20 kg: 50 mg/hr (c) 20-30 kg: 75 mg/hr d) over 30 kg: 100 mg/hr Cat: 25 mg/hr |
| Codeine (with or without acetaminophen) Mild to moderate pain, antitussive Dog: 1–2 mg/kg (PO every 6–12 hours) Cat: Not commonly used due to variable metabolism and risk of toxicity. |
| Timolol maleate (Timoptic) Primary and secondary glaucoma, ocular hypertension Dog: 1 drop in affected eye(s) BID Cat: 1 drop in affected eye(s) BID |
| Dorzolamide HCl (Trusopt, Cosopt) Primary and secondary glaucoma, ocular hypertension Dog: 1 drop in affected eye(s) TID Cat: 1 drop in affected eye(s) TID |
| Brinzolamide (Azopt) Primary and secondary glaucoma, ocular hypertension Dog: 1 drop in affected eye(s) TID Cat: 1 drop in affected eye(s) TID |
| Pilocarpine (Isopto Carpine) Glaucoma (miotic agent), neurogenic keratoconjunctivitis sicca (off-label use) Dog: 0.5%–2% solution: 1 drop in affected eye(s) BID-TID Cat: Rarely used due to adverse effects |
| Mannitol (Osmitrol) Acute glaucoma (systemic osmotic diuretic to rapidly reduce intraocular pressure) Dog: 1–2 g/kg IV over 30–60 minutes Cat: 1–1.5 g/kg IV over 30–60 minutes |
| Carbachol (Miostat) Glaucoma (miotic agent, cholinergic agonist) Dog: 1–2% ophthalmic solution: 1 drop in affected eye(s) BID Cat: Not commonly used. |
| Estradiol Benzoate (Compounded, Estraject) Estrogen-responsive urinary incontinence, misalliance (mismating) in dogs, bone marrow stimulation (rare) Dog: 0.01–0.1 mg/kg (IM once weekly, or as prescribed) Cat: Rarely used due to toxicity risk; use with extreme caution if at all |
| Diethylstilbestrol – DES (Stilbestrol, compounded) Estrogen-responsive urinary incontinence, prostatic hypertrophy (rare) Dog: 0.1–1 mg/dog (PO SID for 5–7 days, then maintenance 1–2 times per week) Cat: Not recommended; high risk of bone marrow suppression |
| Megestrol Acetate (Ovaban, Megace) Estrus suppression in dogs, feline behavioral problems (inappropriate urination, aggression), pseudopregnancy Dog: 0.5 mg/kg (PO SID for 8 days) Cat: 2.5 mg/cat (PO SID for 3–5 days, then every other day or weekly for behavior issues) |
| Testosterone Cypionate (Depo-Testosterone) Urinary incontinence in neutered male dogs, libido enhancement (breeding animals), anemia from chronic disease Dog: 2–4 mg/kg (IM every 3–4 weeks) Cat: Rarely used; potential for aggressive behavior and side effects |
| Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH, Factrel) Induction of estrus, diagnosis of pituitary function Dog: 0.5–1.0 mcg/kg (IV or IM once) Cat: 25–50 mcg/cat (IV or IM once) |
| Cabergoline (Dostinex) Pseudopregnancy, induction of abortion, PDH (off-label), suppression of lactation, Induce vomiting , Termination of pseudopregnancy in dogs, induction of estrus (dopamine agonist) Dog: 5 μg/kg (PO SID–BID for 5–10 days) Cat: 5 μg/kg (PO SID), limited data; off-label use. |
| Leuprolide Acetate (Lupron) Prostatic disease, adrenal disease in ferrets, inappropriate sexual behavior Dog: 100–500 mcg/dog (SC or IM every 4–6 weeks) Cat: 100 mcg/cat (IM monthly, off-label) |
| Norepinephrine (Levophed) Hypotension, vasodilatory shock (e.g., septic shock), anesthesia-associated hypotension Dog: 0.1–2 mcg/kg/min (IV CRI, titrate to effect) Cat: 0.1–1 mcg/kg/min (IV CRI, titrate to effect) |
| Epinephrine (Adrenaline) Cardiac arrest, anaphylaxis, severe bronchoconstriction, acute hypotension Dog: 0.01–0.02 mg/kg (IV/IM/SC; 0.1 mg/kg in CPR, repeat every 3–5 min) Cat: 0.01 mg/kg (IV/IM/SC; CPR: 0.1 mg/kg IV every 3–5 min) |
| Dopamine Hypotension, low cardiac output, acute renal failure (inotropic and renal perfusion support) Dog: 2–10 mcg/kg/min (IV CRI; low dose for renal, high for inotropy) Cat: 2–10 mcg/kg/min (IV CRI) |
| Dobutamine Congestive heart failure, low output states, dilated cardiomyopathy Dog: 2–10 mcg/kg/min (IV CRI) Cat: 1–5 mcg/kg/min (IV CRI) |
| Phenylephrine Hypotension, vasoconstriction support, anesthetic-related hypotension Dog: 0.5–5 mcg/kg/min (IV CRI) Cat: 0.5–2 mcg/kg/min (IV CRI) |
| Vasopressin (ADH analogue) Septic shock, vasodilatory hypotension, diabetes insipidus Dog: 0.5–5 mU/kg/min (IV CRI) Cat: 0.5–2 mU/kg/min (IV CRI) |
| Isoproterenol Bradyarrhythmias, complete heart block, beta-adrenergic support Dog: 0.01–0.1 mcg/kg/min (IV CRI) Cat: Rarely used; use with caution due to tachycardia |
| Atropine Bradycardia, organophosphate toxicity, cardiac arrest, AV block, preanesthetic, carbamate toxicity, pupil dilation (topical) Dog: 0.02–0.04 mg/kg (IV/IM/SC, repeat PRN) Cat: 0.02–0.04 mg/kg (IV/IM/SC, repeat PRN) |
| Naloxone HCl (Narcan) Reversal of opioid-induced respiratory depression, opioid overdose (e.g., morphine, fentanyl) Dog: 0.01–0.04 mg/kg (IV/IM/SC every 2–3 min as needed) Cat: 0.01–0.04 mg/kg (IV/IM/SC every 2–3 min as needed) |
| Nalmefene (Revex) Longer-acting opioid antagonist for reversal of opioid effects Dog: 0.01–0.03 mg/kg (IV/IM/SC) Cat: 0.01 mg/kg (IV/IM/SC) |
| Yohimbine (Yobine) Reversal of xylazine-induced sedation or toxicity, Dog: 0.1 mg/kg (IV/IM/SC) Cat: 0.1 mg/kg (IV/IM/SC) |
| 4-Methylpyrazole (Antizol-Vet) Antidote for ethylene glycol (antifreeze) toxicity Dog: 20 mg/kg IV, then 15 mg/kg at 12 hrs, 5 mg/kg at 24 and 36 hrs Cat: Not effective; ethanol preferred for treatment |
| Ethanol (Alcohol)(IV or oral) Treatment for ethylene glycol poisoning (competitive inhibition) Dog: 5.5 mL/kg of 20% ethanol IV over 1 hr, then 5.5 mL/kg every 4 hrs for 5 doses Cat: 5.5 mL/kg of 20% ethanol IV, same protocol as dog |
| Vitamin K1 (Phytonadione) Antidote for anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning (warfarin, brodifacoum) Dog: 2.5–5 mg/kg (PO SID–BID for 3–6 weeks depending on rodenticide type) Cat: 2.5 mg/kg (PO SID–BID) |
| N-Acetylcysteine (Muclear tab:, Mucoclean Cap:) Degenerative myelopathy , Liver protectant, Acetaminophen toxicoses , Zinc phosphide toxicoses., mucolytic agent Dog: 140 mg/kg loading dose PO, then 70 mg/kg PO every 6 hrs for 7 doses Cat: 140 mg/kg loading dose PO or IV, then 70 mg/kg every 6 hrs for 7 doses. |
| Vidarabine (Vira-A) Ocular herpesvirus infections, especially feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) keratitis Dog: Rarely used; off-label for viral keratitis Cat: 3% ophthalmic ointment: apply 4–6 times daily |
| Idoxuridine (Stoxil, IDU) Feline herpesvirus-1 keratitis, conjunctivitis Dog: Not typically used Cat: 0.1% solution or 0.5% ointment: apply 4–6 times daily to affected eye(s) |
| Trifluridine (Viroptic) Ocular herpesvirus infection., dendritic ulcers Dog: Not typically used Cat: 1% ophthalmic solution: 1 drop in affected eye(s) every 4–6 hours |
| Acyclovir FHV-1 ocular or systemic infections but less effective than famciclovir, canine herpesvirus (limited efficacy)more often used topically for ocular infections. Feline herpesvirus keratitis Dog: Occasionally for canine herpesvirus (rare) Cat: 5–10 mg/kg PO or IV q8h; 0.1%–0.5% ophthalmic ointment TID–QID |
| Lysine (L-Lysine) Prevention of recurrent herpesvirus infections. FHV-1 upper respiratory infections (questionable efficacy). Adjunctive treatment and prophylaxis for feline herpesvirus-1 infections (e.g., conjunctivitis, upper respiratory symptoms) Dog: Not typically used Cat: 250–500 mg/cat (PO BID) |
| Interferon-alpha (Roferon-A, compounded) Chronic viral infections (e.g., FHV-1, FeLV, FIV), immunomodulation Dog: 10,000–30,000 IU/kg (PO or SC, off-label) Cat: 30,000 IU/kg (PO SID on alternate weeks or SC in some protocols) |
| Ribavirin Broad-spectrum antiviral (experimental use in severe viral infections) Dog: Experimental; use with caution due to toxicity Cat: Experimental only; high risk of toxicity. |
| Dacarbazine (DTIC) Mast cell tumors, melanoma (used less commonly) Dog: 600–800 mg/m² (IV every 3 weeks) Cat: Limited data; use with caution due to marrow suppression |
| Melphalan (Alkeran) Multiple myeloma, lymphoma, plasmacytoma Dog: 0.1 mg/kg (PO SID for 10 days, then EOD) Cat: 0.1 mg/kg (PO SID or EOD) |
| Temozolomide (Temodar) Brain tumors (e.g., glioma), melanoma (off-label) Dog: 60–100 mg/m² (PO for 5 days every 3–4 weeks) Cat: Limited data; use with caution, off-label only |
| Procarbazine (Matulane) Lymphoma (part of COP or MOPP protocols) Dog: 50 mg/m² (PO SID for 14 days or as per protocol) Cat: Rarely used; limited data |
| Streptozotocin Insulinoma (islet cell carcinoma) Dog: 500 mg/m² (IV every 3 weeks with aggressive diuresis) Cat: Not routinely used; high risk of renal toxicity. |
| Bromocriptine (Parlodel) Pseudopregnancy, agalactia, pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH), prolactinomas Dog: 0.1–0.2 mg/kg (PO SID–BID) Cat: Rarely used; 0.05–0.1 mg/kg (PO SID), monitor closely for side effects |
| Metergoline Pseudopregnancy, behavioral disorders associated with prolactin, lactation suppression Dog: 0.1–0.3 mg/kg (PO SID–BID for 5–7 days) Cat: Rarely used; similar dosing (PO SID), off-label |
| Pergolide mesylate (Prascend) Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) in horses; used experimentally for PDH in dogs Dog: 0.002–0.006 mg/kg (PO SID), limited use Cat: Not typically used |
| Selegiline (Anipryl, L-deprenyl) Pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH), canine cognitive dysfunction Dog: 0.5–1 mg/kg (PO SID in morning) Cat: 0.25–0.5 mg/kg (PO SID), off-label for cognitive dysfunction. |
| Cyproheptadine (Periactin) Allergies, feline Cushing's disease (hypersomatotropism), appetite stimulant, serotonin syndrome Dog: 0.5–1 mg/kg (PO BID–TID) Cat: 1–2 mg/cat (PO BID) |
| Chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton) Allergies, pruritus, upper respiratory allergies, urticaria Dog: 0.2–0.5 mg/kg (PO TID) Cat: 2–4 mg/cat (PO BID) |
| Loratadine (Claritin) Atopy, pruritus, seasonal allergies Dog: 0.25–0.5 mg/kg (PO SID) Cat: 0.25 mg/kg (PO SID), limited efficacy |
| Oxitriptan (5-HTP antagonist, experimental) Serotonin syndrome (supportive use), serotonin antagonism Dog: Experimental; use under veterinary supervision Cat: Experimental; rarely used |
| Meclizine (Antivert) Vestibular disease, motion sickness, antihistamine Dog: 25–50 mg/dog (PO SID) Cat: 6.25–12.5 mg/cat (PO SID), limited data. |
| Firocoxib (Previcox, Equioxx) Osteoarthritis, post-operative pain, musculoskeletal inflammation Dog: 5 mg/kg (PO SID) Cat: Not routinely recommended; off-label use with extreme caution |
| Robenacoxib (Onsior) Post-operative pain, inflammation, musculoskeletal disorders Dog: 1–2 mg/kg (PO SID for up to 3 days) Cat: 1–2.4 mg/kg (PO/SC SID for up to 3 days, longer under vet guidance) |
| Deracoxib (Deramaxx) Osteoarthritis, orthopedic and dental surgery pain Dog: 1–2 mg/kg (PO SID for OA); 3–4 mg/kg (PO SID for post-op pain) Cat: Not recommended |
| Grapiprant (Galliprant) Osteoarthritis (EP4 prostaglandin receptor antagonist, not a traditional NSAID) Dog: 2 mg/kg (PO SID) Cat: Not approved or recommended |
| Piroxicam Transitional cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, anti-inflammatory for cancer-related pain Dog: 0.3 mg/kg (PO SID) Cat: 0.3 mg/kg (PO EOD or SID), off-label for cancer treatment |
| Tolfenamic acid (Tolfedine) Musculoskeletal disorders, osteoarthritis, fever Dog: 4 mg/kg (PO SID for 3 days, then 2 mg/kg) Cat: 4 mg/kg (PO or SC SID for 3 days); approved in some countries. |
| Oxantel pamoate Whipworms (Trichuris vulpis), roundworms Dog: 10 mg/kg (PO once or as per combo dewormer) Cat: Not routinely used; efficacy and safety data limited |
| Pyrantel pamoate (Nemex, Strongid) Roundworms (Toxocara, Toxascaris), hookworms (Ancylostoma, Uncinaria) Dog: 5–10 mg/kg (PO once; repeat in 2–3 weeks if needed) Cat: 5–10 mg/kg (PO once; repeat as necessary) |
| Fenbendazole (Panacur) Roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, Giardia Dog: 50 mg/kg (PO SID for 3–5 days) Cat: 50 mg/kg (PO SID for 5 days) |
| Milbemycin oxime (Interceptor, Sentinel) Heartworm prevention, roundworms, hookworms, whipworms Dog: 0.5 mg/kg (PO monthly) Cat: 2 mg/kg (PO monthly) |
| Emodepside + Praziquantel (Profender) Roundworms, hookworms, tapeworms (broad-spectrum topical) Dog: Not approved Cat: 3 mg/kg emodepside + 12 mg/kg praziquantel (topical once) |
| Albendazole Roundworms, hookworms, tapeworms, Giardia (limited use due to toxicity) Dog: 25 mg/kg (PO SID for 3–5 days); not commonly used due to bone marrow suppression risk Cat: Not recommended. |
| Deslorelin acetate (Suprelorin) Chemical castration, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), estrus suppression, adrenal disease (ferrets), inappropriate reproductive behaviors Dog: 4.7–9.4 mg implant (SC, lasts 6–12 months) Cat: 4.7 mg implant (SC, off-label for estrus suppression or behavior) |
| Leuprolide acetate (Lupron) Adrenal disease (ferrets), inappropriate reproductive behaviors, testosterone suppression Dog: 100 μg/kg (IM/SQ monthly) Cat: 100 μg/kg (IM/SQ monthly), limited data; off-label |
| Goserelin acetate (Zoladex) Benign prostatic hyperplasia, reproductive hormone suppression, hormone-responsive tumors (experimental) Dog: 100–200 μg/kg (SC implant, off-label) Cat: Experimental use only |
| Triptorelin Adrenal disease, estrus suppression, reproductive hormone suppression (experimental) Dog: Off-label; dosing varies by formulation Cat: Experimental/off-label only |
| Medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera) Estrus suppression, behavioral issues, hormone-responsive conditions (e.g., perianal gland adenoma) Dog: 2.5–10 mg/kg (IM every 3–4 weeks) Cat: 2.5–5 mg/kg (IM every 4 weeks); limited use due to long-term side effects |
| Finasteride (Proscar) Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), perianal gland tumors Dog: 0.1–1 mg/kg (PO SID) Cat: Not typically used. |
| Methyltestosterone Testosterone deficiency, male infertility, delayed puberty, some behavioral disorders (rare) Dog: 0.5–1 mg/kg (PO SID, off-label) Cat: Rarely used; not routinely recommended due to hepatotoxicity |
| Nandrolone decanoate Anemia, cachexia, debilitation, chronic illness-related muscle loss Dog: 1–2 mg/kg (IM every 3–4 weeks) Cat: 1–2 mg/kg (IM every 3–4 weeks), use cautiously |
| Boldenone undecylenate Anabolic support, appetite stimulation, muscle mass maintenance (off-label) Dog: Experimental/off-label use only Cat: Not recommended |
| Oxandrolone Anemia, catabolic states, weight loss, muscle wasting Dog: 0.1–0.25 mg/kg (PO SID–BID) Cat: Not commonly used; safety data limited |
| Danazol Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), thrombocytopenia (off-label), hormone modulation Dog: 5–10 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: 2–5 mg/kg (PO BID); hepatotoxicity risk in long-term use. |
| Donepezil (Aricept) Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor Canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD), senility, cognitive decline Dog: 0.5–1 mg/kg (PO SID) Cat: Rarely used; safety not well established |
| Rivastigmine (Exelon) Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor Cognitive dysfunction (experimental use), Alzheimer-like symptoms in animals Dog: 0.2–0.4 mg/kg (PO BID, off-label) Cat: Not routinely used; experimental only |
| Galantamine(Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor) Canine cognitive dysfunction (off-label), neurodegenerative disorders Dog: 0.1–0.2 mg/kg (PO SID, off-label) Cat: Not routinely used |
| Memantine Canine cognitive dysfunction (experimental/adjunct), NMDA antagonist for neuroprotection Dog: 0.5–1 mg/kg (PO SID, off-label) Cat: Experimental use only |
| Omega-3 Fatty Acids (DHA/EPA) Cognitive dysfunction, neuroprotection, brain aging support Dog: 25–70 mg/kg EPA + DHA (PO daily) Cat: 20–50 mg/kg EPA + DHA (PO daily) |
| S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) Cognitive dysfunction, liver support, antioxidant support Dog: 18–20 mg/kg (PO SID) Cat: 18–20 mg/kg (PO SID) |
| Vitamin E ,Tocopherol(Etovit 200 Cap: , Evion 400 Cap:) Cognitive support, antioxidant therapy, agingNutritional myodegeneration. Dog: 10–20 IU/kg (PO SID) Cat: 10 IU/kg (PO SID) |
| Cefadroxil (Cefa-Drops, Cefa-Tabs) Skin infections, pyoderma, soft tissue infections, UTIs Dog: 20–30 mg/kg (PO SID–BID) Cat: 10–20 mg/kg (PO SID–BID) |
| Cefazolin Surgical prophylaxis, skin infections, osteomyelitis, UTIs Dog: 20–30 mg/kg (IV/IM q8h) Cat: 15–25 mg/kg (IV/IM q8h) |
| Cefovecin sodium (Convenia) Skin infections, abscesses, wounds, UTIs Dog: 8 mg/kg (SC once, lasts up to 14 days) Cat: 8 mg/kg (SC once, lasts up to 14 days) |
| Cefpodoxime proxetil (Simplicef) Skin infections, soft tissue infections, UTIs Dog: 5–10 mg/kg (PO SID) Cat: 5–10 mg/kg (PO SID, off-label) |
| Cefaclor Respiratory infections, skin infections, UTIs (off-label) Dog: 10–20 mg/kg (PO BID–TID) Cat: 10–20 mg/kg (PO BID–TID) |
| Cefuroxime axetil Respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections Dog: 10–25 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: 10–25 mg/kg (PO BID); off-label |
| Ceftiofur sodium (Naxcel) Respiratory infections, soft tissue infections, surgical prophylaxis Dog: 2.2 mg/kg (IM/SC SID) Cat: 2.2 mg/kg (IM/SC SID); off-label. |
| Isoflupredone acetate (Predef 2X) Anti-inflammatory, shock, allergic reactions, adrenal insufficiency (has mineralocorticoid activity) Dog: 0.1–0.5 mg/kg (IM/SC/IV SID–BID) Cat: 0.1–0.5 mg/kg (IM/SC/IV SID–BID) |
| Prednisolone Chronic hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, inflammation Dog: 0.5–2 mg/kg orally every 12–24 hours depending on condition Cat: 1–2 mg/kg orally every 12–24 hours initially |
| Prednisolone sodium succinate (Solu-Delta- Cortef) Feline allergic bronchitis , Hypoadrenocorticism, glucocorticoid replacement, Shock, anaphylaxis, Envenomation with severe swelling. Dog: 2 mg/kg (PO BID) for 6 wks. then taper. Cat: 3 mg/kg (PO BID) for 10 days , then taper. |
| Methylprednisolone acetate (Depo-Medrol) Allergies, inflammation, arthritis, feline asthma, dermatitis Dog: 10–20 mg/dog (IM every 2–6 weeks) Cat: 4–10 mg/cat (IM every 2–6 weeks) |
| Triamcinolone acetonide (Vetalog) Allergic dermatitis, pruritus, otitis, autoimmune disorders Dog: 0.1–1 mg/kg (IM/SC/PO depending on condition) Cat: 0.1–1 mg/kg (IM/SC/PO) |
| Hydrocortisone Topical inflammation, adrenal insufficiency, shock Dog: 0.5–5 mg/kg (PO or topical); used IV for emergency shock at 2–10 mg/kg Cat: Similar to dog; used primarily in topical formulations |
| Betamethasone Topical inflammation, dermatitis, otitis, systemic inflammation (rare) Dog: Topical; 0.01–0.1% creams or drops Cat: Topical; systemic use limited due to potency |
| Fludrocortisone acetate Addison’s disease (mineralocorticoid replacement) Dog: 0.01–0.02 mg/kg (PO SID–BID) Cat: 0.01 mg/kg (PO SID); monitor electrolytes |
| Desoxycorticosterone pivalate (DOCP, Percorten-V, Zycortal) Addison’s disease (mineralocorticoid replacement) Dog: 2.2 mg/kg (IM/SC every 25–30 days) Cat: 2.2 mg/kg (IM/SC every 25–30 days); off-label. |
| Hydrochlorothiazide Hypertension, congestive heart failure, calcium oxalate urolithiasis, edema, to prevent hypokalemia, heart failure, ascites Dog: 2–4 mg/kg (PO SID–BID) Cat: 1–2 mg/kg (PO SID–BID); monitor for hypokalemia |
| Chlorothiazide Edema, heart failure, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (rare use) Dog: 5–10 mg/kg (PO SID–BID) Cat: 5–10 mg/kg (PO SID–BID); rarely used |
| Torasemide (Torsemide) Congestive heart failure, resistant edema, alternative to furosemide Dog: 0.1–0.6 mg/kg (PO SID) Cat: 0.1–0.4 mg/kg (PO SID); more potent than furosemide |
| Acetazolamide Glaucoma, metabolic alkalosis, ocular hypertension, periodic paralysis Dog: 5–10 mg/kg (PO BID–TID) Cat: 5–10 mg/kg (PO BID–TID); use with caution. |
| Glycopyrrolate Preanesthetic agent, bradycardia, hypersalivation, vagal reflex bradycardia, organophosphate toxicity Dog: 0.005–0.01 mg/kg (IV/IM/SC, preanesthetic or emergency) Cat: 0.005–0.01 mg/kg (IV/IM/SC) |
| Scopolamine (Hyoscine) Motion sickness, nausea, GI cramping (less commonly used in vet med) Dog: 0.006–0.01 mg/kg (IV/IM/SC; limited use) Cat: 0.006–0.01 mg/kg (IV/IM/SC; off-label and rare) |
| Aminopentamide (Centrine) Acute GI spasms, vomiting, diarrhea (antispasmodic) Dog: 0.04 mg/kg (PO BID; SC in emergency) Cat: 0.04 mg/kg (PO BID) |
| Propantheline bromide Urinary incontinence, bradycardia, GI spasms Dog: 0.25–0.5 mg/kg (PO TID) Cat: 0.25–0.5 mg/kg (PO TID); limited feline use |
| Phenylephrine (topical) Mydriasis for uveitis, Horner’s syndrome diagnosis, vasoconstriction prior to ocular surgery, epistaxis (nasal drops) Dog: 1–2 drops of 2.5–10% solution (ophthalmic); 0.25–0.5 mL of 0.125–0.25% solution (intranasal) Cat: Same as dog; use 2.5% solution for ocular diagnostic purposes |
| Epinephrine (topical) Open-angle glaucoma (rarely used now), vasoconstriction, anaphylaxis (systemic), cardiac arrest Dog: 1 drop of 0.5–1% solution BID (ophthalmic); also used in CPR (IV) Cat: Same as dog; caution with systemic effects when applied topically |
| Naphazoline (topical) Conjunctival hyperemia, minor eye irritation (decongestant effect) Dog: 1 drop of 0.05% solution BID–TID Cat: Same; use with caution to avoid rebound vasodilation |
| Oxymetazoline (topical) Epistaxis, nasal congestion, pre-rhinoscopy vasoconstriction Dog: 1–2 drops of 0.05% solution (intranasal SID–BID) Cat: 1 drop of 0.025–0.05% solution (intranasal); monitor for CNS signs in cats |
| Tetrahydrozoline (topical) Conjunctival irritation, ocular redness (sympathomimetic decongestant) Dog: 1 drop of 0.05% ophthalmic solution BID–TID Cat: 1 drop BID; avoid systemic absorption |
| Brimonidine (topical) Glaucoma (↓ aqueous humor production), pre-operative ocular vasoconstriction Dog: 1 drop of 0.15–0.2% solution BID (ophthalmic) Cat: Same; used off-label in feline glaucoma. |
| Medetomidine (Domitor) Sedation, preanesthetic medication, analgesia, minor surgical and diagnostic procedures Dog: 5–20 µg/kg (IM/IV) Cat: 50–80 µg/kg (IM); avoid IV in cats |
| Dexmedetomidine (Dexdomitor) Sedation, preanesthesia, analgesia, restraint, minor surgical procedures Dog: 1–10 µg/kg (IM/IV) Cat: 10–40 µg/kg (IM); preferred over medetomidine for safety |
| Xylazine Sedation, analgesia, vomiting induction in cats, anesthesia premedication. vomiting induction. Check heart-worm infection before using the drug. Dog: 0.5–1 mg/kg (IM); 0.25–0.5 mg/kg (IV) Cat: 0.5–1 mg/kg (IM/IV); emetic dose: 0.44 mg/kg (IM) |
| Romifidine Sedation, restraint, analgesia (mainly in horses but off-label in small animals) Dog: 40–100 µg/kg (IV/IM; off-label) Cat: Rarely used; 50–100 µg/kg (IM; off-label) |
| Clonidine Adjunct analgesic, refractory behavioral disorders, hypertension, ileus Dog: 1–5 µg/kg (PO BID); up to 10 µg/kg for analgesia Cat: 0.5–1 µg/kg (PO BID; limited data) |
| Detomidine Sedation, analgesia (mainly equine use; off-label in small animals for profound sedation) Dog: 20–40 µg/kg (IM/IV; off-label) Cat: Rarely used; 20–40 µg/kg (IM; off-label) |
| Diclofenac sodium (Voltaren, Opthofen-DF) Anterior uveitis, post-operative ocular inflammation, conjunctivitis, corneal injury Dog: 1 drop of 0.1% ophthalmic solution BID–QID Cat: 1 drop of 0.1% ophthalmic solution BID–TID (with caution) |
| Flurbiprofen (Ocufen) Anterior uveitis, post-operative ocular inflammation, miosis prevention during cataract surgery Dog: 1 drop of 0.03% solution BID–QID Cat: 1 drop BID (use cautiously in cats) |
| Ketorolac tromethamine (Acular) Conjunctivitis, anterior uveitis, post-surgical inflammation, keratitis Dog: 1 drop of 0.4% solution BID–QID Cat: 1 drop BID–TID (caution: may delay healing) |
| Nepafenac (Nevanac) Pain and inflammation following ocular surgery, uveitis (off-label in vet med) Dog: 1 drop of 0.1% solution SID–BID (ophthalmic) Cat: 1 drop SID (limited data; monitor closely) |
| Bromfenac (Xibrom, Bromday) Ocular inflammation, postoperative pain management, off-label use in small animals Dog: 1 drop of 0.09% solution SID–BID Cat: 1 drop SID (off-label; caution advised) |
| Robenacoxib (Onsior) Post-operative pain, musculoskeletal pain, inflammation Dog: 1 mg/kg SID (PO for up to 3 days) Cat: 1–2.4 mg/kg SID (PO/SC up to 3 days) |
| Dalteparin (Fragmin) Thromboembolic disease, heart disease, hypercoagulability Dog: 100–150 U/kg SC q8h Cat: 100 U/kg SC q8–12h (often used in HCM-associated thromboembolism) |
| Rivaroxaban (Xarelto) Prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disease (off-label), especially in HCM Dog: 0.5–2 mg/kg PO SID Cat: 0.5–1 mg/kg PO SID (limited but growing use) |
| Warfarin (Coumadin) Rarely used due to risk of bleeding; used in chronic thromboembolic disorders Dog: 0.05–0.1 mg/kg PO SID (with strict INR monitoring) Cat: Rarely used; not generally recommended due to unpredictable response |
| Dextromethorphan (De-tussin tablet, Robitussin DM) Non-productive cough, tracheobronchitis, collapsing trachea Dog: 0.5–2 mg/kg PO TID Cat: Use not routine; 0.5–1 mg/kg PO BID–TID (with caution) |
| Hydrocodone bitartrate (Tussigon, Hycodan) Chronic bronchitis, collapsing trachea, non-productive cough Dog: 0.25–0.5 mg/kg PO q6–8h Cat: Not routinely used; use with caution if prescribed |
| Codeine Non-productive cough, chronic bronchitis (less commonly used) Dog: 0.5–2 mg/kg PO q6–8h Cat: Rarely used; risk of CNS excitation |
| Maropitant citrate (Cerenia) Vomiting control, motion sickness Dog: 1 mg/kg SC/PO SID (typically used for vomiting, but can aid cough reflex control) Cat: 1 mg/kg SC SID (limited cough use; primarily antiemetic) |
| Temaril-P (Trimeprazine tartrate + Prednisolone) Allergic cough, chronic bronchitis, pruritus Dog: 0.5–1 mg/kg PO BID (based on trimeprazine component) Cat: Use not routine; prednisolone-only options preferred. |
| Erythromycin Upper respiratory tract infections (URI), Mycoplasma, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Chronic colitis / SIBO (Tylosin-responsive), Helicobacter gastritis, Toxoplasmosis (adjunct), Periodontal disease, stomatitis, Delayed gastric emptying (prokinetic use of erythromycin), Upper respiratory infections, skin infections, ocular infections, prokinetic for delayed gastric emptying Dog: 5–10 mg/kg PO q8–12h; 0.5–1 mg/kg PO q8–12h (as prokinetic) Cat: 10–20 mg/kg PO q8–12h; 1 mg/kg PO q12h (as prokinetic) |
| Azithromycin (Zithromax) Upper respiratory tract infections (URI), Mycoplasma, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Chronic colitis / SIBO (Tylosin-responsive), Helicobacter gastritis, Toxoplasmosis (adjunct), Periodontal disease, stomatitis, Delayed gastric emptying (prokinetic use of erythromycin), Mycoplasma, Bordetella, Toxoplasmosis (alternative), upper respiratory infections, stomatitis Dog: 5–10 mg/kg PO SID for 3–5 days Cat: 5–10 mg/kg PO SID for 3–5 days |
| Tylosin (Tylan) Upper respiratory tract infections (URI), Mycoplasma, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Chronic colitis / SIBO (Tylosin-responsive), Helicobacter gastritis, Toxoplasmosis (adjunct), Periodontal disease, stomatitis, Delayed gastric emptying (prokinetic use of erythromycin), Chronic colitis, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), chronic diarrhea, IBD (off-label use) Dog: 5–10 mg/kg PO BID–TID Cat: 5–10 mg/kg PO BID (less common use) |
| Tilmicosin (Micotil) Upper respiratory tract infections (URI), Mycoplasma, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Chronic colitis / SIBO (Tylosin-responsive), Helicobacter gastritis, Toxoplasmosis (adjunct), Periodontal disease, stomatitis, Delayed gastric emptying (prokinetic use of erythromycin), Respiratory infections in large animals (not routinely used in dogs/cats due to cardiotoxicity) Dog: Not recommended — cardiotoxic Cat: Contraindicated — cardiotoxic |
| Spiramycin + Metronidazole (Stomorgyl) Upper respiratory tract infections (URI), Mycoplasma, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Chronic colitis / SIBO (Tylosin-responsive), Helicobacter gastritis, Toxoplasmosis (adjunct), Periodontal disease, stomatitis, Delayed gastric emptying (prokinetic use of erythromycin), Gingivitis, stomatitis, periodontal disease Dog: 1 tab/10 kg PO SID for 5–10 days Cat: 1 tab/2.5–5 kg PO SID for 5–10 days. |
| Alfaxalone (Alfaxan) Induction of anesthesia (pre-surgery or intubation), Short surgical or diagnostic procedures, Sedation for imaging (e.g., MRI, CT), Status epilepticus (e.g., propofol), Pain management (CRI with ketamine), Cardiovascularly compromised patients (etomidate), Aggressive or feral animal restraint. Anesthesia induction, sedation for diagnostic/imaging procedures, short surgical procedures Dog: 1–3 mg/kg IV for induction; 2–5 mg/kg IM for sedation Cat: 1–2.5 mg/kg IV for induction; 2–5 mg/kg IM for sedation |
| Propofol (Propoflo) Induction of anesthesia (pre-surgery or intubation), Short surgical or diagnostic procedures, Sedation for imaging (e.g., MRI, CT), Status epilepticus (e.g., propofol), Pain management (CRI with ketamine), Cardiovascularly compromised patients (etomidate), Aggressive or feral animal restraint.Induction and maintenance of anesthesia, status epilepticus, short procedures Dog: 4–6 mg/kg IV for induction; 0.2–0.6 mg/kg/min CRI for maintenance Cat: 4–6 mg/kg IV for induction; 0.2–0.4 mg/kg/min CRI for maintenance (limit repeated use) |
| Ketamine Induction of anesthesia (pre-surgery or intubation), Short surgical or diagnostic procedures, Sedation for imaging (e.g., MRI, CT), Status epilepticus (e.g., propofol), Pain management (CRI with ketamine), Cardiovascularly compromised patients (etomidate), Aggressive or feral animal restraint.Induction agent (with benzodiazepines), chemical restraint, pain management, refractory seizures Dog: 5–10 mg/kg IV or IM (with other agents); 0.1–0.6 mg/kg/h CRI (pain/adjunct) Cat: 5–10 mg/kg IM or IV; 0.1–0.6 mg/kg/h CRI |
| Etomidate Induction of anesthesia (pre-surgery or intubation), Short surgical or diagnostic procedures, Sedation for imaging (e.g., MRI, CT), Status epilepticus (e.g., propofol), Pain management (CRI with ketamine), Cardiovascularly compromised patients (etomidate), Aggressive or feral animal restraint.Induction of anesthesia in cardiovascularly compromised patients Dog: 1–2 mg/kg IV (induction dose) Cat: 1–2 mg/kg IV (induction dose) |
| Tiletamine + Zolazepam (Telazol) Induction of anesthesia (pre-surgery or intubation), Short surgical or diagnostic procedures, Sedation for imaging (e.g., MRI, CT), Status epilepticus (e.g., propofol), Pain management (CRI with ketamine), Cardiovascularly compromised patients (etomidate), Aggressive or feral animal restraint.Induction and short-term anesthesia, sedation, minor surgical procedures Dog: 3–6 mg/kg IM or 2–4 mg/kg IV Cat: 4.4–10 mg/kg IM or 2–4 mg/kg IV |
| Dexmedetomidine (Dexdomitor) Induction of anesthesia (pre-surgery or intubation), Short surgical or diagnostic procedures, Sedation for imaging (e.g., MRI, CT), Status epilepticus (e.g., propofol), Pain management (CRI with ketamine), Cardiovascularly compromised patients (etomidate), Aggressive or feral animal restraint.Sedation, premedication, short procedures, analgesia Dog: 1–10 µg/kg IM/IV Cat: 10–40 µg/kg IM/IV. |
| Gramicidin Otitis externa (bacterial ear infections), Conjunctivitis (especially with Neomycin-Polymyxin-Gramicidin), Superficial skin infections (pyoderma, hot spots), Minor wounds and abrasions, Sepsis/endotoxemia (off-label systemic Polymyxin B use), Pseudomonas infections (with combo therapy). Topical ophthalmic infections, often combined with polymyxin B and neomycin Dog: Ophthalmic drops BID–TID Cat: Ophthalmic drops BID–TID |
| Fipronil (Frontline, Parastar, Effipro) Flea and tick infestations, lice, sarcoptic mange (adjunct), Cheyletiella Dog: Topical 6.7–13.4 mg/kg once monthly Cat: Topical 8.3 mg/kg once monthly |
| Sarolaner (Simparica) Fleas, ticks (Ixodes, Rhipicephalus, Dermacentor), sarcoptic mange, demodicosis Dog: Oral 2–4 mg/kg once monthly Cat: Not approved (similar compound: sarolaner + selamectin in Revolution Plus) |
| Fluralaner (Bravecto) Fleas, ticks, Demodex, Sarcoptes, Otodectes (ear mites) Dog: Oral/topical 25–56 mg/kg every 12 weeks Cat: Topical 40 mg/kg every 12 weeks |
| Spinosad (Comfortis) Flea infestations Dog: Oral 30–60 mg/kg once monthly Cat: Oral 50–100 mg/kg once monthly. |
| Vincristine (Oncovin) Lymphoma, transmissible venereal tumor (TVT), leukemia, thrombocytopenia (ITP adjunct) Dog: 0.5–0.75 mg/m² IV once weekly Cat: 0.5 mg/m² IV once weekly |
| Zidovudine (AZT, Retrovir) Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), feline leukemia virus (FeLV), neurologic signs or stomatitis related to retroviral infections Dog: Not routinely used Cat: 5–10 mg/kg PO or IV q12h (monitor CBC regularly for anemia) |
| Interferon omega (Virbagen Omega) FeLV, FIV, feline calicivirus, canine parvovirus, and various viral infections (especially in Europe, Japan) Dog: 2.5 MU/kg SC SID for 3 days, then every other day for 3 doses Cat: 1 MU/kg SC SID or 10^6 IU PO SID (off-label oral for FeLV/FIV) |
| Famciclovir Feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) infections, especially severe upper respiratory or ocular involvement Dog: Not typically used Cat: 40–90 mg/kg PO q8–12h (adjust for renal function) |
| GS-441524 (nucleoside analog; component of remdesivir) Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP, off-label or under compassionate use) Dog: Not applicable Cat: 2–6 mg/kg SC or PO SID (dose and duration based on clinical form of FIP) |
| Remdesivir Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), experimental or compounded use Dog: Not routinely used Cat: 10–15 mg/kg IV or SC SID (often used as initial FIP treatment prior to switching to oral GS-441524) |
| Fusidic Acid (Fucithalmic, Isathal) Superficial bacterial infections, conjunctivitis, blepharitis (especially due to Staphylococcus spp.) Dog: Ophthalmic 1% BID; also available in combination with betamethasone for dermal use Cat: Ophthalmic 1% BID |
| Chloramphenicol (topical) Conjunctivitis, keratitis, superficial ocular infections caused by susceptible bacteria Dog: Ophthalmic 0.5%–1% ointment TID Cat: Ophthalmic 0.5%–1% ointment TID |
| Erythromycin (ophthalmic) Conjunctivitis, blepharitis (especially in cats with *Chlamydophila felis* or *Mycoplasma*) Dog: Ophthalmic ointment 0.5% BID–TID Cat: Ophthalmic ointment 0.5% BID–TID. |
| Salbutamol (Albuterol, Ventolin, Proventil) Feline asthma, bronchoconstriction, reactive airway disease, canine chronic bronchitis (rescue therapy) Dog: 0.01–0.02 mg/kg PO or inhaled q8–12h PRN; MDI via spacer Cat: 1–2 puffs (90 mcg each) via MDI and spacer q8–12h PRN |
| Terbutaline Feline asthma, bronchospasm, tracheobronchitis, collapsing trachea Dog: 0.01 mg/kg SC q8h or 0.625–5 mg PO BID–TID Cat: 0.01 mg/kg SC q8h or 0.625–1.25 mg PO BID–TID |
| Theophylline (or Aminophylline) Chronic bronchitis, asthma, collapsing trachea, laryngeal paralysis Dog: 10–20 mg/kg PO SID–BID (dose varies by formulation) Cat: 5–10 mg/kg PO SID–BID (use extended-release with caution) |
| Clenbuterol Bronchodilator, chronic airway diseases, less commonly used due to cardiac effects Dog: 0.8–1.6 mcg/kg PO BID Cat: Not typically recommended (sensitivity, limited data) |
| Ipratropium bromide Bronchospasm (inhaled), chronic bronchitis, adjunct to β2-agonists Dog: Inhaled (MDI) 1–2 puffs BID–TID Cat: Inhaled (MDI) 1–2 puffs BID–TID (via spacer mask) |
| Fluticasone propionate Feline asthma, chronic bronchitis (inhaled corticosteroid for long-term control) Dog: 1–2 puffs (110–220 mcg) via MDI BID Cat: 1 puff (110 mcg) via MDI BID (via spacer, not for acute use) |
| Hydroxyurea (Hydrea) Polycythemia vera, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), mast cell tumors, thrombocythemia, adjunct for FeLV in cats Dog: 20–30 mg/kg PO SID–BID (adjust based on CBC) Cat: 20–30 mg/kg PO SID–BID (monitor CBC closely) |
| Busulfan Polycythemia vera, chronic myelogenous leukemia Dog: 1 mg/kg PO SID initially, then adjusted based on hematologic response Cat: Rarely used; dosing varies if attempted under specialist supervision |
| Vinblastine (Velban) Lymphoma, mast cell tumors (MCT), transmissible venereal tumors (TVT), histiocytic sarcoma Dog: 2–3.5 mg/m² IV q7d or as per protocol Cat: 2–2.5 mg/m² IV q7–14d |
| Vinorelbine Primary lung tumors, metastatic carcinoma, mast cell tumors, transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) Dog: 15–22 mg/m² IV q7d Cat: 10–14 mg/m² IV q7d (limited data; use cautiously) |
| Digoxin Atrial fibrillation, supraventricular tachycardia, congestive heart failure (CHF) due to systolic dysfunction Dog: 0.002–0.005 mg/kg PO BID (adjust based on serum levels) Cat: 0.005–0.01 mg/kg PO BID (use cautiously; monitor levels and electrolytes) |
| Atenolol HCM, ventricular arrhythmias, supraventricular arrhythmias, systemic hypertension Dog: 0.25–1 mg/kg PO BID Cat: 6.25–12.5 mg/cat PO BID |
| Sotalol(Betapace) Atrial fibrillation or flutter, supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. boxer cardiomyopathy Dog: 1–3 mg/kg PO BID Cat: 1–2 mg/kg PO BID (use with caution) |
| Amiodarone Refractory ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. Cardiopulmonary arrest. Dog: 5–10 mg/kg PO SID, loading dose may be used Cat: Rarely used; limited safety data |
| Lidocaine (IV only) Acute ventricular tachycardia Dog: 2 mg/kg IV bolus, followed by CRI 25–80 µg/kg/min Cat: Not recommended (high risk of toxicity) |
| Benazepril Treatment of congestive heart failure, systemic hypertension, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and proteinuria Dog: 0.25–0.5 mg/kg (PO once daily or divided BID) Cat: 0.5–1 mg/kg (PO once daily) |
| Enalapril (or Benazepril) Chronic congestive heart failure, systemic hypertension, systemic hypertension, . Glomerulonephritis, chronic renal failure, chronic kidney disease (proteinuria). Dog: 0.25–0.5 mg/kg PO SID–BID Cat: 0.25–0.5 mg/kg PO SID (benazepril is preferred for cats) |
| Digoxin Atrial fibrillation, supraventricular tachycardia, CHF with systolic dysfunction Dog: 0.002–0.005 mg/kg PO BID (adjust per serum levels) Cat: 0.005–0.01 mg/kg PO BID (monitor serum levels closely) |
| Dobutamine Acute heart failure, cardiogenic shock, low-output states Dog: 2–10 µg/kg/min IV CRI (adjust to effect) Cat: 1–5 µg/kg/min IV CRI (use with caution) |
| Dopamine Acute heart failure, hypotension due to cardiogenic shock Dog: 5–10 µg/kg/min IV CRI Cat: 2–5 µg/kg/min IV CRI (cautiously due to vasoconstrictive effects) |
| Osaterone acetate (Ypozane) Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) Dog: 0.25–0.5 mg/kg PO SID for 7 days (effects may last up to 6 months) Cat: Not commonly used; efficacy/safety not well established |
| Deslorelin acetate (Suprelorin) Chemical castration, BPH, inappropriate sexual behavior, hormone-sensitive urinary incontinence Dog: 4.7 mg or 9.4 mg subcutaneous implant (lasts 6–12 months) Cat: 4.7 mg implant (off-label for estrus suppression or behavior control) |
| Delmadinone acetate (Tardak) Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), peri-anal adenomas, hypersexuality, aggression (hormonal), behavioral problems Dog: 0.1–0.2 mL/kg IM or SC every 3–4 weeks (2–4 mg/kg) Cat: 0.1–0.2 mL/kg IM or SC once; use with caution (off-label) |
| Deslorelin acetate (Suprelorin) Chemical castration, BPH, behavioral issues (sexual), hormone-responsive urinary incontinence Dog: 4.7 or 9.4 mg SC implant (lasts 6–12 months) Cat: 4.7 mg SC implant (off-label use for estrus suppression) |
| Flutamide Androgen-dependent conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatic carcinoma (adjunct), peri-anal adenomas Dog: 5–10 mg/kg PO BID–TID (off-label; monitor liver function) Cat: Not commonly used; limited data and not generally recommended |
| Deslorelin acetate (Suprelorin) Chemical castration, BPH, hormone-related behavior disorders Dog: 4.7 or 9.4 mg SC implant (lasts 6–12 months) Cat: 4.7 mg SC implant (off-label for estrus suppression or behavior control) |
| Leuprolide acetate Androgen-dependent conditions, adrenal disease (especially in ferrets), inappropriate sexual behaviors Dog: 100 µg/kg SC monthly (off-label use) Cat: Limited data; not commonly used in felines. |
| Hetastarch (HES 6%, 10%) Hypovolemia, shock, hypoalbuminemia, systemic inflammation, third-spacing Dog: 5–20 mL/kg/day IV (max: 20 mL/kg/day) Cat: 5–10 mL/kg/day IV (use cautiously; lower dose recommended) |
| Dextran 70 Hypovolemia, shock, hemodilution, support of oncotic pressure Dog: 10–20 mL/kg IV slowly Cat: 5–10 mL/kg IV slowly (risk of anaphylaxis and coagulopathies) |
| Gelatin-based solutions (e.g., Gelofusine, Haemaccel) Hypovolemia, hypoalbuminemia, shock Dog: 10–20 mL/kg/day IV Cat: 5–10 mL/kg/day IV (cautious use; monitor renal function) |
| Plasma (Fresh frozen plasma or frozen plasma) Coagulopathies, hypoalbuminemia, DIC, liver disease, anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity Dog: 10–30 mL/kg IV Cat: 10–15 mL/kg IV |
| Albumin (Human or canine serum albumin) Hypoalbuminemia, systemic inflammation, protein-losing enteropathy/nephropathy, septic shock Dog: 0.5–2 g/kg IV slowly (monitor for hypersensitivity) Cat: Use with extreme caution; limited feline data. |
| Hydroxyethyl Starch (Hetastarch 6%, Voluven, Hextend) Hypovolemia, shock, hypoalbuminemia, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), third-spacing, support of oncotic pressure Dog: 5–20 mL/kg/day IV (max: 20 mL/kg/day; bolus 5 mL/kg over 15–30 min if needed) Cat: 2–10 mL/kg/day IV (use with caution due to risk of volume overload and renal effects) |
| Dextran 70 Hypovolemia, shock, hemodilution, maintenance of oncotic pressure Dog: 10–20 mL/kg IV slowly Cat: 5–10 mL/kg IV slowly (risk of coagulopathy and anaphylaxis) |
| Gelatin-based colloids (e.g., Gelofusine, Haemaccel) Hypovolemia, hypoalbuminemia, perioperative volume support Dog: 10–20 mL/kg/day IV Cat: 5–10 mL/kg/day IV (use cautiously; monitor renal function and hydration status) |
| Human Serum Albumin (HSA) Severe hypoalbuminemia, systemic inflammation, protein-losing enteropathy/nephropathy, septic shock (off-label) Dog: 0.5–2 g/kg IV slowly (monitor for anaphylactic reactions) Cat: Not routinely recommended due to high risk of hypersensitivity; use canine-specific albumin if available. |
| Human Serum Albumin (HSA) Hypoalbuminemia, septic shock, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), protein-losing enteropathy (PLE), protein-losing nephropathy (PLN), burns, third-spacing Dog: 0.5–2 g/kg IV over 4–6 hours (monitor closely for anaphylaxis) Cat: Not routinely recommended due to high risk of severe hypersensitivity reactions |
| Canine Serum Albumin Hypoalbuminemia, critical illness requiring oncotic support Dog: 0.5–1 g/kg IV over 4–6 hours Cat: Not used |
| Frozen Plasma (FP) Hypoalbuminemia, volume support, non-coagulation protein replacement Dog: 10–30 mL/kg IV Cat: 10–15 mL/kg IV |
| Hydroxyethyl Starch (e.g., Hetastarch 6%, Voluven) Hypovolemia, hypoalbuminemia, SIRS, third-spacing, septic shock (volume and oncotic support) Dog: 5–20 mL/kg/day IV Cat: 2–10 mL/kg/day IV (use cautiously) |
| Whole Blood Severe blood loss, coagulopathy with anemia, hypoalbuminemia with concurrent anemia Dog: 20 mL/kg IV Cat: 10–20 mL/kg IV. |
| Verapamil (Isoptin, Calan) Supraventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) Dog: 0.05–0.1 mg/kg IV slowly over 2 minutes; 1–3 mg/kg PO TID Cat: 0.05–0.1 mg/kg IV slowly; 0.5–1 mg/kg PO BID–TID (use cautiously in HCM) |
| Esmolol Acute supraventricular tachycardia, intraoperative tachycardia, arrhythmias Dog: 0.025–0.1 mg/kg IV bolus; CRI 25–200 µg/kg/min Cat: 0.025–0.05 mg/kg IV bolus; CRI 50–200 µg/kg/min |
| Amitraz (Snappy Dip®, Preventic) Generalized demodicosis, sarcoptic mange (off-label), tick infestation Dog: Topical rinse 0.025% solution (250 ppm) every 7–14 days; Tick collar: 9% amitraz collar Cat: Not recommended due to toxicity (CNS depression, ataxia, vomiting) |
| Ivermectin (vermectin tablet , Ivermectin inj:(100 ml)) Heartworm prophylaxis. Elimination of heartworm microfilariae.Nasal capillariasis, Pneumonyssoides caninum, Oslerus osleri, Strongyloides spp., Aelurostrongylus abstrusus. Intracranial myiasis. Renal parasite: Capillaria plica. Cheyletiellosis, Notoedric and Sarcoptic. Otodectic mange , Canine Demodicosis. Mange, Demodectic blepharitis Dog : 0.2-0.3 mg/kg (PO), SC (q 2 wk) ; Do not use in ivermectin-sensitive dog breeds. Cat: 24 mg/kg (PO) once monthly or 0.2 mg/kg (SC) |
| Fluralaner (Bravecto) Demodicosis, sarcoptic mange, tick and flea infestations Dog: 25–56 mg/kg PO or topical every 12 weeks Cat: 40–94 mg/kg topical every 12 weeks |
| Lime Sulfur Dip Demodicosis, dermatophytosis, sarcoptic mange, notoedric mange Dog: Topical 2%–4% rinse once or twice weekly Cat: Topical 2%–4% rinse once or twice weekly (safe and commonly used in kittens) |
| Ampicillin (Polyflex, Omnipen) Soft tissue infections, urinary tract infections (UTIs), respiratory infections, leptospirosis (with aminoglycoside), gastrointestinal infections, abscesses Dog: 10–20 mg/kg IM or IV TID–QID Cat: 10–20 mg/kg IM or IV TID–QID |
| Amoxicillin (Amoxil, Biomox) Soft tissue infections, UTIs, respiratory infections, periodontal infections, gastrointestinal infections Dog: 11–22 mg/kg PO BID Cat: 11–22 mg/kg PO BID |
| Cloxacillin / Dicloxacillin Beta-lactamase producing staphylococcal infections (e.g., skin infections, pyoderma, mastitis) Dog: 10–20 mg/kg PO BID–TID Cat: Use not typically recommended; better alternatives exist. |
| Benzylpenicillin (Crystapen) Anaerobic infections, bite wounds, soft tissue infections, leptospirosis (in combination), listeriosis, actinomycosis, streptococcal infections Dog: 20,000–40,000 IU/kg IM or IV BID–TID Cat: 20,000–40,000 IU/kg IM or IV BID–TID |
| Procaine Penicillin G Wounds, abscesses, anaerobic infections, leptospirosis (combined therapy), soft tissue infections Dog: 20,000–40,000 IU/kg IM SID–BID (longer-acting) Cat: 20,000–40,000 IU/kg IM SID–BID |
| Benzathine Penicillin G Long-term treatment of chronic soft tissue infections, abscesses, actinomycosis Dog: 20,000 IU/kg IM every 5–7 days Cat: 20,000 IU/kg IM every 5–7 days |
| Phenoxymethylpenicillin (Penicillin V) Mild upper respiratory infections, streptococcal infections, dental infections (less commonly used) Dog: 10–20 mg/kg PO BID Cat: 10–20 mg/kg PO BID |
| Amoxicillin (Amoxil, Biomox) UTIs, respiratory tract infections, soft tissue infections, dental infections, gastrointestinal infections Dog: 11–22 mg/kg PO BID Cat: 11–22 mg/kg PO BID |
| Ceftriaxone (Rocephin) Severe systemic infections, septicemia, respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, bone and joint infections, skin infections, bacterial meningitis Dog: 20–25 mg/kg IV or IM SID Cat: 20–25 mg/kg IV or IM SID |
| Ceftiofur Sodium (Naxcel) Respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, skin infections, soft tissue infections, septicemia, bacterial pneumonia Dog: 2.2 mg/kg IM or SC SID Cat: 2.2 mg/kg IM or SC SID |
| Cefpodoxime Proxetil (Simplicef) Skin infections (wounds, abscesses, pyoderma), UTIs, respiratory infections Dog: 5–10 mg/kg PO SID Cat: Not commonly used; off-label at 5 mg/kg PO SID |
| Cefovecin Sodium (Convenia) Skin infections (pyoderma, abscesses, wounds), urinary tract infections Dog: 8 mg/kg SC once (effective up to 14 days) Cat: 8 mg/kg SC once (effective up to 14 days) |
| Ceftazidime Severe gram-negative infections (e.g., Pseudomonas spp.), resistant infections, bacterial meningitis Dog: 20–40 mg/kg IV or IM TID Cat: 20–40 mg/kg IV or IM TID. |
| Acetic Acid/Boric Acid Solution Yeast infections, otitis externa, bacterial dermatitis (especially Pseudomonas, Malassezia) Dog: Topical ear or skin application SID–BID Cat: Topical ear or skin application SID–BID. |
| Dobutamine Acute heart failure, cardiogenic shock, hypotension associated with cardiac disease Dog: 2–10 µg/kg/min IV CRI (titrate to effect) Cat: 0.5–5 µg/kg/min IV CRI (caution: monitor closely for tachycardia) |
| Dopamine Congestive heart failure, hypotension, oliguric renal failure Dog: 2–10 µg/kg/min IV CRI (low dose for renal perfusion; higher for inotropy) Cat: 1–5 µg/kg/min IV CRI (careful monitoring required) |
| Amlodipine Besylate Systemic hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (with outflow obstruction in cats) Dog: 0.1–0.5 mg/kg PO SID Cat: 0.125–0.25 mg/kg PO SID (commonly 1.25 mg/cat SID) |
| Enalapril (Enacard) Congestive heart failure, protein-losing nephropathy, systemic hypertension Dog: 0.25–0.5 mg/kg PO SID–BID Cat: 0.25–0.5 mg/kg PO SID–BID |
| Hydralazine Refractory hypertension, afterload reduction in congestive heart failure Dog: 0.5–3 mg/kg PO BID (titrate gradually) Cat: 0.5–1 mg/kg PO BID (rarely used; cautious dosing) |
| Desmopressin Acetate (DDAVP) Central diabetes insipidus, von Willebrand disease (to increase factor VIII and vWF release) Dog: 1–4 µg/dog intranasal, conjunctival, or SC SID–BID; may repeat for hemostasis Cat: 1–4 µg/cat intranasal, conjunctival, or SC SID–BID |
| Trilostane Alopecia associated with adult-onset growth hormone defi ciency. , Pituitary-dependent Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's disease). Dog: 1–3 mg/kg PO SID (adjust based on ACTH stim test) Cat: 10 mg/cat PO SID (limited studies; close monitoring required) |
| Deoxycorticosterone Pivalate (DOCP) Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease; mineralocorticoid replacement) Dog: 2.2 mg/kg IM or SC every 25–30 days Cat: 1.5–2.2 mg/kg IM or SC every 25–30 days (rare use; monitor electrolytes) |
| Fludrocortisone Acetate Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease) Dog: 0.01–0.02 mg/kg PO SID–BID Cat: 0.02 mg/kg PO SID (monitor Na/K closely) |
| Insulin (Various types: Regular, NPH, Vetsulin, Glargine) Diabetes mellitus Dog: Dose and type vary; commonly 0.25–0.5 U/kg SC BID (e.g., Vetsulin or NPH) Cat: 1–3 U/cat SC BID (Glargine or PZI preferred; titrate to BG curve) |
| Methimazole(Thiamazole) Hyperthyroidism (Used especially in cats) Dog: Not commonly used Cat: 5–15 mg/cat PO SID–BID (adjust based on T4 levels) |
| Radioiodine (I-131) Hyperthyroidism (curative treatment in cats) Dog: Rarely used (thyroid carcinoma) Cat: 2–6 mCi IV or SC as a single dose (administered at specialty centers) |
| Y/D Prescription Diet (Hill's) Hyperthyroidism management through iodine restriction Dog: Not used Cat: Sole diet; requires strict adherence to be effective (0.2 ppm iodine) |
| Propranolol Adjunctive treatment for hyperthyroidism-related tachycardia and hypertension Dog: 0.2–1 mg/kg PO TID Cat: 2.5–5 mg/cat PO BID–TID (monitor HR and BP) |
| Atenolol Adjunctive treatment for hyperthyroidism (to reduce cardiac workload and tachycardia) Dog: 0.25–1 mg/kg PO SID–BID Cat: 6.25–12.5 mg/cat PO SID–BID. |
| Dinoprost Tromethamine (Lutalyse) Pyometra, mismating, postpartum metritis, uterine involution, abortion induction Dog: 0.1 mg/kg IM or SC q12–24h (diluted) Cat: 0.05–0.1 mg/kg IM q24h (monitor for GI signs) |
| Cloprostenol Sodium Luteolysis, pyometra, estrus synchronization, mismating therapy Dog: 1–2 µg/kg SC q48h × 2–3 doses (more selective prostaglandin analog) Cat: Rarely used; similar dosing, with caution |
| Oxytocin Dystocia (uterine inertia), postpartum uterine involution, expulsion of retained placenta or fetal membranes, agalactia (milk let-down), uterine hemorrhage, Uterine contents evacuation.(not to be used unless cervix is open). Dog: 0.2–0.4 IU/kg IM or SC (repeat q30–60 min as needed; do not exceed total 5 IU/dose) Cat: 0.25–0.5 IU/kg IM or SC (repeat q30–60 min as needed; max 3 IU/dose) |
| Spinetoram Flea infestation, flea allergy dermatitis (FAD) Dog: Not commonly used Cat: Topical 40–140 mg depending on body weight (monthly) |
| Indoxacarb Flea infestation, flea allergy dermatitis (FAD) Dog: Topical 100–300 mg depending on body weight (monthly) Cat: Topical 100 mg per application (monthly) |
| Tacrolimus (Protopic, Tacrolimus ophthalmic) Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), immune-mediated keratitis, pannus, pemphigus foliaceus (topical), chronic superficial keratitis, eosinophilic keratitis (cats) Dog: 0.02–0.03% ophthalmic solution or ointment, 1 drop in affected eye(s) BID Cat: 0.02–0.03% ophthalmic solution or ointment, 1 drop in affected eye(s) BID; topical cream may be used with caution in skin immune disorders |
| Cyclosporine (Atopica, Optimmune) Atopic dermatitis, perianal fistulas, keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), autoimmune skin diseases (e.g., pemphigus foliaceus), eosinophilic granuloma complex (cats), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Dog: 5 mg/kg PO SID (dermatologic use); 2 mg/kg PO SID (KCS via ophthalmic ointment) Cat: 5–7 mg/kg PO SID for dermatologic and immune-mediated conditions |
| Pimecrolimus Topical immune-mediated dermatoses, perianal fistulas, off-label for atopic dermatitis or pemphigus Dog: Apply topically BID to affected area Cat: Use with caution; off-label topical application for eosinophilic plaques or pemphigus |
| Mycophenolate mofetil Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA), immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (IMTP), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), immune-mediated polyarthritis Dog: 10–20 mg/kg PO BID Cat: 7–10 mg/kg PO BID (use with caution due to GI side effects) |
| Atovaquone (Mepron) Babesiosis (Babesia gibsoni), Cytauxzoonosis (off-label), Toxoplasmosis (in combination), Pneumocystis pneumonia (off-label) Dog: 13.3 mg/kg PO TID for 10 days (often with azithromycin) Cat: 15 mg/kg PO BID (limited data; typically for Cytauxzoon felis or Toxoplasma gondii with clindamycin) |
| Melarsomine dihydrochloride (Immiticide) Canine heartworm disease (Dirofilaria immitis) Dog: 2.5 mg/kg IM (deep lumbar), 2-injection or 3-injection protocol Cat: Not recommended due to toxicity; supportive therapy preferred |
| Pentamidine isethionate Leishmaniasis (alternative therapy), Babesiosis (rare), Pneumocystis pneumonia (off-label), Trypanosomiasis (rare cases) Dog: 4 mg/kg IM or slow IV every 48 hours for 4–6 doses (used with caution due to nephrotoxicity and pancreatic risk) Cat: Limited use; 4 mg/kg IM q48h × 4–6 doses (only under specialist supervision) |
| Paromomycin Leishmaniasis (alternative to miltefosine), Cryptosporidiosis, Amebiasis. Use with extreme caution because it is nephrotoxic. Dog: 25–50 mg/kg PO BID–TID (off-label, under specialist supervision) Cat: Not commonly used due to GI irritation and toxicity |
| Alendronate (Fosamax) Idiopathic hypercalcemia (cats), osteolytic bone lesions, osteoporosis (rare in dogs), hyperparathyroidism-related hypercalcemia (off-label) Dog: 1–2 mg/kg PO weekly (off-label; limited data; used under specialist care) Cat: 5–10 mg/cat PO once weekly (monitor for esophagitis; ensure proper water intake) |
| Ibandronate (Boniva) Hypercalcemia of malignancy (off-label), osteolytic bone lesions, bone metastasis pain Dog: 1–2 mg/kg IV every 30 days (off-label; limited veterinary data) Cat: Rarely used; dosage extrapolated from human data, typically 0.5–1 mg/kg IV monthly under specialist care |
| Clodronate Osteolysis secondary to bone tumors, hypercalcemia, bone pain in neoplasia (off-label) Dog: 10–20 mg/kg IV infusion every 2–4 weeks (monitor renal and hepatic function) Cat: Experimental/off-label use only; not typically recommended |
| Tiludronate Navicular disease (approved in horses), off-label in dogs for lameness with bone pain, some experimental use in osteosarcoma Dog: 1 mg/kg IV every 28 days (off-label, rarely used) Cat: Not typically used in cats. |
| Etidronate disodium (Didronel) Idiopathic hypercalcemia (cats), hypercalcemia of malignancy, soft tissue calcification, fibrous osteodystrophy Dog: 10–20 mg/kg PO SID for 3–5 days, repeated every 30 days as needed (rare/off-label) Cat: 5–10 mg/kg PO SID for 3–5 days monthly (off-label; monitor serum calcium) |
| Pamidronate disodium (Aredia) Hypercalcemia of malignancy, osteolytic bone lesions, bone metastasis, multiple myeloma-associated bone pain Dog: 1–2 mg/kg IV diluted in saline over 2 hours every 21–28 days Cat: 0.5–1 mg/kg IV over 2 hours every 28 days (monitor renal values and hydration) |
| Zoledronate (Zoledronic acid) Hypercalcemia of malignancy, idiopathic hypercalcemia (cats), osteolytic bone metastases, bone pain from neoplasia (e.g., multiple myeloma) Dog: 0.1 mg/kg IV over 15 minutes every 21–28 days (monitor renal function) Cat: 0.05–0.08 mg/kg IV over 15 minutes every 21–28 days (monitor calcium and kidney values) |
| Imipramine Urinary incontinence (especially in male dogs), ejaculatory dysfunction, behavioral issues Dog: 1–2 mg/kg PO BID Cat: Not commonly used; consult behaviorist if needed |
| Protriptyline Behavioral disorders (e.g., anxiety, compulsive behaviors), adjunct for chronic pain, possible off-label use for urinary incontinence Dog: 0.5–1.5 mg/kg PO BID (off-label; limited data) Cat: 0.25–0.5 mg/kg PO SID (rare use; monitor closely for anticholinergic side effects) |
| Desipramine Behavioral disorders (rare), off-label for neuropathic pain or urinary control Dog: 0.5–1.5 mg/kg PO BID Cat: Rarely used; limited veterinary data. |
| Atomoxetine Off-label use for attention-deficit hyperactivity-like disorders, compulsive behaviors, and impulse control disorders Dog: 1–2 mg/kg PO SID (limited data; off-label) Cat: Not commonly used; caution due to sensitivity and limited safety data |
| Methylphenidate (Ritalin) Off-label for attention deficit-like syndromes, narcolepsy, hyperkinesis in dogs Dog: 0.5–2 mg/kg PO BID (start low and titrate) Cat: Rarely used; not recommended due to excitability and risk of adverse effects |
| Dextroamphetamine Off-label for narcolepsy, hypersomnolence, or attention-deficit-like syndromes (very rare use) Dog: 0.1–0.5 mg/kg PO SID-BID (start low; monitor for excitability or tachycardia) Cat: Not recommended; high sensitivity and risk of adverse effects |
| Modafinil Narcolepsy, excessive daytime sleepiness, off-label use in dogs Dog: 2–5 mg/kg PO SID (use with caution) Cat: Not commonly used; limited data |
| Ephedrine Urinary incontinence (especially in female dogs), bronchodilation, mild CNS stimulant Dog: 0.25–0.75 mg/kg PO BID-TID Cat: 0.125–0.5 mg/kg PO BID (use with caution) |
| Venlafaxine Off-label for anxiety, compulsive behaviors, inappropriate urination (esp. in cats), separation anxiety Dog: 1–2 mg/kg PO SID-BID (off-label, limited data) Cat: 0.5–1 mg/kg PO SID (higher risk of serotonin syndrome, monitor closely) |
| Desvenlafaxine Off-label for anxiety and compulsive behaviors (rare use) Dog: Doses extrapolated from venlafaxine; not well established Cat: Not recommended due to limited data and adverse effects potential |
| Trazodone Anxiety, situational fear, post-surgical calming, travel-related stress, noise phobia Dog: 2–10 mg/kg PO SID-BID (start low; titrate) Cat: 2–5 mg/kg PO 90 minutes prior to stressful event (e.g. vet visit) |
| Chlorpromazine Motion sickness, sedation, pre-anesthesia, antiemetic (cats), tranquilizer Dog: 0.5–1 mg/kg (IM, IV, PO TID or as needed) Cat: 0.5–1 mg/kg (IM, IV, PO TID or as needed) |
| Promethazine Motion sickness, vomiting, mild sedation, allergy-related pruritus Dog: 0.5–1 mg/kg (PO or IM TID) Cat: 0.5 mg/kg (PO or IM TID) |
| Trifluoperazine Rarely used; behavior modification (aggression, anxiety); antipsychotic Dog: 0.1–0.2 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: Rare use; dosage not well established—use with caution. |
| Glipizide(Glip-5 tablet(5mg) , Glucotrol) Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in cats (ineffective in dogs) Dog: Not effective, not recommended Cat: 2.5–5 mg (PO SID-BID with meals) |
| Metformin Insulin resistance, obesity-related hyperglycemia (off-label, not commonly used) Dog: 10–20 mg/kg (PO BID, use with caution) Cat: 5–10 mg/kg (PO BID, use with caution) |
| Pioglitazone Insulin resistance, experimental use in feline diabetes Dog: Limited data; not routinely used Cat: 1–2 mg/kg (PO SID, experimental/limited use) |
| Acarbose (Garbose tab:) Diabetes mellitus (especially in combination with insulin for postprandial hyperglycemia control) Dog: 25–100 mg/dog (PO BID with meals) Cat: 12.5–50 mg/cat (PO BID with meals) |
| Calcitonin (Salmon Calcitonin) Hypercalcemia (including malignancy-associated), osteoporosis, bone pain from metastasis, vitamin D toxicosis Dog: 4–8 IU/kg (SC or IM SID–BID) Cat: 4–8 IU/kg (SC or IM SID–BID) |
| Tiludronate Navicular disease (in horses), off-label use in dogs with osteolytic lesions or bone pain Dog: 1 mg/kg (IV slowly over 30 min once; off-label use) Cat: Not typically used. |
| Imatinib (Gleevec) Mast cell tumors (with c-kit mutation), gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), other tumors with tyrosine kinase dysregulation Dog: 8–10 mg/kg (PO SID) Cat: Limited data; investigational use in tumors expressing c-kit mutations |
| Toceranib phosphate (Palladia) Mast cell tumors (grade II/III), gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), anal sac adenocarcinoma, thyroid carcinoma, and other solid tumors Dog: 2.5–3.25 mg/kg (PO EOD) Cat: Limited data; use under specialist supervision |
| Masitinib Non-resectable or recurrent grade II or III mast cell tumors in dogs Dog: 12.5 mg/kg (PO SID) Cat: Not approved or studied extensively |
| Oclacitinib (Apoquel) Pruritus associated with allergic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis (JAK inhibitor, not a TKI but related class) Dog: 0.4–0.6 mg/kg (PO BID for up to 14 days, then SID) Cat: Off-label; efficacy and safety not well established. |
| Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate (Kayexalate) Hyperkalemia, especially in acute kidney injury or urinary tract obstruction Dog: 1 g/kg (PO q6–8h, mix with food or water) Cat: 1 g/kg (PO q6–8h, mix with food or water) |
| Cholestyramine (Questran powder sachet) Toxin adsorption (e.g. fat-soluble toxins), pruritus associated with liver disease, hypercholesterolemia Dog: 0.2–0.5 g/kg (PO BID-TID) Cat: Limited data; 0.2–0.4 g/kg (PO BID-TID) |
| Activated Charcoal Toxin ingestion, drug overdose, oral poisonings (e.g. rodenticides, pesticides, medications) Dog: 1–4 g/kg (PO; may repeat every 4–8 hours depending on toxin) Cat: 1–2 g/kg (PO; repeat with caution due to risk of aspiration) |
| Fuller's Earth (as alternative adsorbent) Used in toxin ingestion where activated charcoal is unavailable Dog: Dose not well established; used based on emergency toxicology protocols Cat: Not routinely used; not well tolerated. |
| Sodium Sulfate Toxin elimination, constipation Dog: 250 mg/kg (PO once) Cat: 250 mg/kg (PO once, use with caution due to dehydration risk) |
| Magnesium Sulfate (Epsom Salt) Cathartic in toxin ingestion, constipation Dog: 250–500 mg/kg (PO once) Cat: 250 mg/kg (PO once, use cautiously) |
| Sorbitol Osmotic cathartic often used with activated charcoal in toxin ingestion Dog: 1–3 mL/kg of 70% solution (PO once) Cat: 1–2 mL/kg of 70% solution (PO once) |
| Azagly-nafarelin Estrus suppression, contraception, management of reproductive disorders Dog: Dosage not well established; investigational use Cat: Dosage not well established; investigational use |
| Leuprolide acetate Estrus suppression, treatment of reproductive hormone-responsive conditions Dog: 100–200 µg/kg (SC or IM every 4–6 weeks) Cat: 100–200 µg/kg (SC or IM every 4–6 weeks) |
| Cabergoline Treatment of pseudopregnancy, induction of estrus, suppression of lactation Dog: 5 µg/kg (PO SID for 5–10 days) Cat: 5 µg/kg (PO SID for 5–10 days) |
| Cloprostenol Induction of estrus, treatment of pyometra, pregnancy termination Dog: 1–3 µg/kg (SC every 48 hours for 2–3 treatments) Cat: 1–3 µg/kg (SC every 48 hours for 2–3 treatments) |
| Megestrol acetate Estrus suppression, treatment of behavioral issues related to estrus Dog: 0.5 mg/kg (PO SID for 8 days) Cat: 2.5 mg/cat (PO SID for 7 days) |
| Aglepristone Medical abortion, pyometra, pregnancy termination. Pregnancy termination, pyometra, progesterone-dependent mammary hyperplasia, abortion induction, mismating treatment Dog: 10 mg/kg (SC on day 1 and again on day 2; may be repeated based on indication) Cat: 15 mg/kg (SC on day 1 and again on day 2; may be repeated depending on condition) |
| Aclarubicin Lymphoma, leukemia, solid tumors (off-label use, limited veterinary literature) Dog: 10–20 mg/m² (IV, every 3 weeks; dose varies by protocol and tolerance) Cat: Limited data available; use with extreme caution and under specialist guidance. |
| Polyethylene Glycol Constipation, fecal impaction, bowel preparation for diagnostic procedures Dog: 0.25–1 g/kg (PO BID to TID) Cat: 0.25–1 g/kg (PO BID to TID) |
| Docusate Sodium Constipation, stool softener Dog: 2–5 mg/kg (PO SID to BID) Cat: 2–5 mg/kg (PO SID to BID) |
| Psyllium Husk Constipation, colitis, diarrhea (fiber supplementation) Dog: 1–6 tsp per meal depending on size Cat: 0.25–0.5 tsp per meal |
| Altrenogest Estrus suppression, management of reproductive cycle disorders Dog: 0.088 mg/kg (PO SID for up to 30 days) Cat: 0.044–0.088 mg/kg (PO SID) |
| Megestrol Acetate Estrus suppression, pseudopregnancy, behavioral issues associated with estrus Dog: 0.5 mg/kg (PO SID for 8 days) Cat: 2.5 mg/cat (PO SID for 5 days, then every other day for 2–3 weeks) |
| Norgestomet Estrus synchronization, ovulation control (less common in small animals) Dog: Experimental/Off-label use only Cat: Experimental/Off-label use only. |
| Aminocaproic Acid Treatment of bleeding disorders, hyperfibrinolysis, adjunctive therapy for hemophilia, postoperative bleeding (esp. in Greyhounds) Dog: 100–150 mg/kg (PO or IV TID to QID) Cat: 50–100 mg/kg (PO or IV TID to QID) |
| Tranexamic Acid Control of bleeding in trauma, surgery, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), immune-mediated thrombocytopenia Dog: 10–15 mg/kg (IV or PO BID to TID) Cat: 10 mg/kg (IV or PO BID to TID) |
| Yunnan Baiyao bleeding disorders. internal bleeding, splenic tumors, trauma, surgical bleeding Dog: 250 mg/capsule (1 capsule/10–15 kg PO BID) Cat: 1/4 to 1/2 capsule (PO BID) |
| Desmopressin Acetate Treatment of von Willebrand’s disease, thrombocytopathy, preparation before surgery Dog: 1–4 µg/kg (IV, SC, or IN every 12–24 hours) Cat: 1–4 µg/kg (IV, SC, or IN every 12–24 hours) |
| Promazine Sedation, motion sickness, mild tranquilization Dog: 1–2 mg/kg (PO BID–TID) Cat: 0.5–1 mg/kg (PO BID – use caution) |
| Aminopromazine fumarate Tranquilizer, sedative, antiemetic Dog: 0.5–1 mg/kg (IM, SC, PO as needed) Cat: 0.25–0.5 mg/kg (IM, SC, PO as needed – use with caution due to species sensitivity) |
| Decoquinate Prevention and control of coccidiosis Dog: 0.5–1 mg/kg (PO daily in food) Cat: Not commonly used |
| Ronidazole Treatment of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cats Dog: Not typically used Cat: 30–50 mg/kg (PO once daily for 14 days) |
| Amprolium Treatment and prevention of coccidiosis Dog: 100–200 mg/kg (PO daily for 5–7 days) Cat: 100–200 mg/kg (PO daily for 5–7 days) |
| Erythromycin Treatment of respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and certain gastrointestinal infections Dog: 10–20 mg/kg (PO every 8 hours) Cat: 10–20 mg/kg (PO every 8 hours) |
| Tylosin Management of chronic diarrhea, colitis, and certain bacterial infections Dog: 5–10 mg/kg (PO every 12 hours) Cat: 5–10 mg/kg (PO every 12 hours) |
| Amikacin Acute endocarditis, Bartonellosis , Bacterial gastroenteritis, Salmonellosis , Serious infections, Septic peritonitis, Acute abdominal syndrome, Resistant bacterial cystitis , Bacterial keratitis. Dog : 20 mg/kg (IV , IM, SC) SID Cat: 10 mg/kg (IV SID) |
| Tobramycin Used for treatment of Pseudomonas and other resistant gram-negative infections; also for topical ocular infections Dog: 6–10 mg/kg (IM or IV every 24 hours) Cat: 5–8 mg/kg (IM or IV every 24 hours) |
| Kanamycin Treatment of gram-negative infections, often used in combination therapies; less common due to nephrotoxicity Dog: 10–15 mg/kg (IM or IV every 12 hours) Cat: 10–15 mg/kg (IM or IV every 12 hours) |
| Streptomycin Used in treatment of leptospirosis and certain other bacterial infections; limited use today due to toxicity and resistance Dog: 10–25 mg/kg (IM every 12 hours) Cat: 10–25 mg/kg (IM every 12 hours) |
| Apomorphine hydrochloride Induction of emesis (vomiting) in cases of poisoning (primarily in dogs) Dog: 0.03–0.04 mg/kg (IV); 0.25–0.8 mg/kg (conjunctival sac) Cat: Not recommended (poor response and risk of CNS stimulation) |
| Xylazine Induction of emesis in cats; also used as a sedative and analgesic Dog: Not typically used for emesis Cat: 0.44–1.1 mg/kg (IM or SC for emesis induction) |
| Dexmedetomidine Used to induce emesis in cats and as a sedative/analgesic in both species Dog: Sedation/analgesia: 5–10 µg/kg (IM or IV) Cat: Emesis: 7–10 µg/kg (IM); Sedation: 10–40 µg/kg (IM or IV) |
| Asparaginase Treatment of lymphoma, lymphoid leukemia Dog: 5,000–10,000 IU/m² (IM, SC, or IV every 1–3 weeks) Cat: 5,000–10,000 IU/m² (IM, SC, or IV every 1–3 weeks) |
| Vincristine Treatment of lymphoma, transmissible venereal tumor (TVT), immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (IMT) Dog: 0.5–0.75 mg/m² (IV weekly) Cat: 0.5–0.75 mg/m² (IV weekly) |
| Aluminum Carbonate Used as a phosphate binder in chronic kidney disease (CKD), hyperphosphatemia Dog: 30–90 mg/kg/day (divided doses with meals) Cat: 30–90 mg/kg/day (divided doses with meals) |
| Calcium Carbonate Used as phosphate binder and calcium supplement in renal failure, metabolic bone disease Dog: 90–150 mg/kg/day (divided doses with meals) Cat: 90–100 mg/kg/day (divided doses with meals) |
| Sevelamer Hydrochloride Used for hyperphosphatemia in chronic kidney disease (especially in animals with hypercalcemia) Dog: 20–40 mg/kg (PO every 8–12 hours with meals) Cat: 20–40 mg/kg (PO every 8–12 hours with meals) |
| Clotrimazole Topical antifungal used for treating dermatophytosis, Malassezia dermatitis, otitis externa caused by fungal infections Dog: Apply 1–2 times daily to affected area Cat: Apply 1–2 times daily to affected area |
| Miconazole Used for dermatophytosis, Malassezia dermatitis, and fungal otitis externa Dog: Apply topically 1–2 times daily Cat: Apply topically 1–2 times daily |
| Econazole Used for treatment of dermatophytosis and superficial yeast infections Dog: Apply 1–2 times daily to affected area Cat: Apply 1–2 times daily to affected area |
| Thiabendazole (Mintezol) Used in combination products for fungal otitis externa (also effective against parasites) Dog: Apply as directed (usually once or twice daily) Cat: Apply as directed (usually once or twice daily) |
| Terbinafine Used systemically or topically for dermatophytosis, Malassezia dermatitis Dog: 30–40 mg/kg/day (PO) or apply topically Cat: 20–30 mg/kg/day (PO) or apply topically. |
| Aluminium hydroxide Used as a phosphate binder in chronic kidney disease (CKD), antacid in gastric irritation Dog: 30–90 mg/kg/day (PO divided doses) Cat: 30–60 mg/kg/day (PO divided doses) |
| Lanthanum carbonate Used as a non-calcium phosphate binder in dogs and cats with CKD Dog: 30–60 mg/kg/day (PO divided doses) Cat: 30–60 mg/kg/day (PO divided doses) |
| Sevelamer hydrochloride Non-metal phosphate binder used in hyperphosphatemia associated with CKD Dog: 100–150 mg/kg/day (PO divided doses) Cat: 70–100 mg/kg/day (PO divided doses) |
| Favipiravir Investigational antiviral for canine distemper virus (CDV); inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase Dog: Experimental use; dosing not established Cat: Not commonly used |
| GS-441524 Treatment of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP); nucleoside analog inhibiting viral RNA polymerase Dog: Experimental use for CDV; dosing under investigation Cat: 4–6 mg/kg (SC once daily for 12 weeks) |
| Remdesivir Used for FIP and other RNA virus infections; prodrug of GS-441524 Dog: Experimental use; dosing not established Cat: 10 mg/kg (IV once daily for 4 days), then 6 mg/kg (IV or SC once daily) |
| Molnupiravir Investigational treatment for FIP and other RNA virus infections; nucleoside analog Dog: Experimental use; dosing not established Cat: 12–15 mg/kg (PO twice daily) |
| Famciclovir Treatment of feline herpesvirus type-1 (FHV-1) infections Dog: Not commonly used Cat: 90 mg/kg (PO every 8 hours for 3 weeks) |
| Interferon alfa-2 Immunomodulatory agent used for feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and FIP Dog: Experimental use; dosing varies Cat: 60 IU/cat (PO or buccally once daily, 7 days on, 7 days off) |
| Acitretin Keratinization disorders, immune-mediated dermatoses, neoplasia (e.g., cutaneous epitheliotropic lymphoma) Dog: 0.5–1 mg/kg (PO once daily) Cat: Not commonly used due to limited safety data |
| Tretinoin (Retinoic acid) Topical treatment of chin acne, actinic keratosis, localized squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) Dog: Topical once daily or every other day Cat: Topical for chin acne; avoid oral ingestion |
| Isotretinoin (Isotrevic 30 Cap, Accutane) Idiopathic seborrhea, Severe feline acne, follicular dysplasia, keratinization defects Dog: 1–2 mg/kg (PO once daily) Cat: 0.5–1 mg/kg (PO once daily, cautiously used) |
| Etretinate Keratinization disorders (historically used, now largely replaced by Acitretin) Dog: 0.5–1 mg/kg (PO once daily) Cat: Not recommended due to safety concerns |
| Bexarotene Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and other skin neoplasias Dog: 1–3 mg/kg (PO once daily with food) Cat: Not commonly used; use under specialist supervision. |
| Aluminium carbonate Hyperphosphatemia in chronic kidney disease Dog: 90–180 mg/kg/day (PO in divided doses with meals) Cat: 90–180 mg/kg/day (PO in divided doses with meals) |
| Aluminium hydroxide Hyperphosphatemia in chronic kidney disease, gastric ulceration Dog: 30–90 mg/kg/day (PO in divided doses) Cat: 30–90 mg/kg/day (PO in divided doses) |
| Lanthanum carbonate Hyperphosphatemia in chronic renal failure (alternative phosphate binder) Dog: 30–60 mg/kg/day (PO in divided doses with meals) Cat: Not commonly used; dosage not well established |
| Sevelamer hydrochloride Hyperphosphatemia associated with renal disease Dog: 30–100 mg/kg/day (PO in divided doses) Cat: 30–100 mg/kg/day (PO in divided doses) |
| Aurothioglucose(Gold salts, Solganal) Immune-mediated arthritis, pemphigus complex, chronic inflammatory diseases Dog: 0.5–1 mg/kg (IM once weekly) Cat: Not commonly used; consult specialist if considered |
| Leflunomide Refractory immune-mediated diseases such as IMHA, IMTP, polyarthritis Dog: 2–4 mg/kg (PO once daily) Cat: Limited use; consult specialist for dosing. |
| Ethyl Lactate Mild bacterial and seborrheic skin infections Dog: 10% shampoo, apply topically every 48–72 hours Cat: Use with caution; not commonly used |
| Salicylic Acid Seborrhea, keratolytic skin conditions Dog: 0.5–2% in shampoo or wipes, apply topically 1–3 times/week Cat: Use with caution; not for systemic absorption |
| Sulfur Seborrheic dermatitis, mange (especially when combined with salicylic acid) Dog: 2–5% shampoo, apply topically 1–2 times/week Cat: Generally safe at low concentrations |
| Benzoyl Peroxide Gel Superficial and deep pyoderma, seborrheic dermatitis, demodicosis Dog: Apply topically (2.5–5% gel or shampoo, once daily to twice weekly) Cat: Use with caution; may cause irritation. |
| Vitamin E (Tocopherol) Antioxidant therapy, dermatoses, neuromuscular disorders, hepatopathies, adjunct in degenerative diseases Dog: 10–20 IU/kg PO daily Cat: 5–10 IU/kg PO daily |
| Alpha-Lipoic Acid Antioxidant therapy, cognitive dysfunction, diabetes support, neuropathy Dog: 1–5 mg/kg PO once daily Cat: Use with caution; toxicity reported at high doses |
| Coenzyme Q10 (Ubiquinone) Canine cardiomyopathy (especially dilated), antioxidant support, mitochondrial disorders, chronic heart failure, and mitochondrial disorders Dog: 30–90 mg total PO daily (divided doses) Cat: 10–30 mg total PO daily |
| S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) Liver disease (hepatopathies), cognitive dysfunction, antioxidant support Dog: 18–20 mg/kg PO daily Cat: 18–20 mg/kg PO daily |
| N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) Acetaminophen toxicity, mucolytic, antioxidant therapy, liver support Dog: 70 mg/kg IV loading dose, then 140 mg/kg PO q6h for 7 doses Cat: 70 mg/kg IV/PO q6h initially, then adjust as per toxicity |
| Omega-3 Fatty Acids (EPA/DHA) Inflammatory skin conditions, arthritis, kidney disease, cognitive dysfunction Dog: 50–100 mg/kg EPA + DHA PO daily Cat: 30–50 mg/kg EPA + DHA PO daily |
| Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) Adjunct in wound healing, antioxidant therapy, stress support, urinary acidification, immune enhancement, adjunctive cancer therapy Dog: 15–30 mg/kg PO once or twice daily Cat: 5–15 mg/kg PO once or twice daily. |
| Betaxolol Topical beta-blocker used for the treatment of glaucoma by decreasing intraocular pressure Dog: 1 drop in affected eye(s) every 12–24 hours Cat: 1 drop in affected eye(s) every 12–24 hours |
| Timolol Topical beta-blocker used for primary and secondary glaucoma; also used as adjunct to other intraocular pressure-lowering agents Dog: 0.25–0.5% solution, 1 drop in affected eye(s) every 12 hours Cat: 0.25–0.5% solution, 1 drop in affected eye(s) every 12 hours |
| Levobunolol Topical non-selective beta-blocker for lowering intraocular pressure in glaucoma Dog: 0.5% solution, 1 drop in affected eye(s) every 12 hours Cat: 0.5% solution, 1 drop in affected eye(s) every 12 hours |
| Carteolol Topical beta-blocker used in the management of glaucoma; has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity Dog: 1 drop in affected eye(s) every 12 hours Cat: Use with caution; 1 drop in affected eye(s) every 12–24 hours |
| Metipranolol Non-selective beta-blocker for glaucoma; less commonly used due to possible ocular irritation Dog: 1 drop in affected eye(s) every 12 hours Cat: 1 drop in affected eye(s) every 12 hours. |
| Bethanechol chloride Treatment of urinary retention and bladder atony; stimulates detrusor muscle contraction Dog: 0.2–0.4 mg/kg orally every 8–12 hours Cat: 2.5–5 mg orally every 8–12 hours |
| Neostigmine Used to treat ruminal atony, myasthenia gravis, and to stimulate bladder and GI motility Dog: 0.04–0.1 mg/kg IM or SC every 8–12 hours Cat: 0.02–0.05 mg/kg IM or SC every 8–12 hours |
| Pyridostigmine Primarily used to manage myasthenia gravis by enhancing neuromuscular transmission Dog: 1–3 mg/kg orally every 8–12 hours Cat: 0.5–2 mg/kg orally every 8–12 hours |
| Carbachol Used for GI and urinary tract stimulation; rarely used due to strong cholinergic effects Dog: 0.01–0.05 mg/kg SC or IM Cat: Use with caution, not commonly used |
| Physostigmine Used as an antidote for anticholinergic toxicity and to stimulate GI and bladder activity Dog: 0.03–0.06 mg/kg SC or IM Cat: 0.03 mg/kg SC or IM. |
| Bimatoprost Treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension by increasing aqueous humor outflow Dog: 1 drop in affected eye(s) once daily Cat: Use with caution; not commonly recommended due to sensitivity |
| Latanoprost Used to reduce intraocular pressure in primary or secondary glaucoma (especially effective in dogs) Dog: 1 drop in affected eye(s) every 12–24 hours Cat: Generally not effective due to receptor differences; use with caution |
| Tafluprost Preservative-free prostaglandin analog; used for reducing intraocular pressure in dogs Dog: 1 drop in affected eye(s) daily Cat: Efficacy not well established |
| Unoprostone Lesser efficacy than latanoprost; used off-label in canine glaucoma cases Dog: 1 drop in affected eye(s) twice daily Cat: Use with caution; not routinely effective. |
| Bisacodyl Stimulant laxative used for treating constipation and bowel evacuation prior to diagnostic procedures Dog: 1–2 mg/kg orally once daily as needed (short-term) Cat: 1–2 mg/kg orally once daily as needed (short-term) |
| Sodium phosphate enemas Used for colonic cleansing or relieving constipation; caution in small dogs and cats due to risk of hyperphosphatemia Dog: 5–12 mL rectally depending on size Cat: Use with extreme caution or avoid |
| Lactulose Osmotic laxative used for chronic constipation, hepatic encephalopathy (ammonia reduction) Dog: 0.5–2 mL/kg orally every 8–12 hours Cat: 0.5–2 mL/kg orally every 8–12 hours |
| Docusate sodium (DSS) Stool softener used to treat constipation Dog: 2–5 mg/kg orally every 12–24 hours Cat: 2–5 mg/kg orally every 12–24 hours |
| Polyethylene glycol 3350 (PEG 3350) Osmotic laxative used for constipation and colonic cleansing Dog: 0.25–1 g/kg orally every 12–24 hours (mixed with food or water) Cat: 0.25–0.5 g/kg orally every 12–24 hours. |
| Biotin (Vitamin B7) Used for improving skin and coat condition, managing seborrhea, and supporting metabolic function Dog: 5–10 mcg/kg orally once daily Cat: 5–10 mcg/kg orally once daily |
| Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5) Supports adrenal function, skin and coat health, and metabolism Dog: 1–2 mg/kg orally once daily Cat: 1–2 mg/kg orally once daily |
| Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) Supports energy metabolism and skin health Dog: 1–2 mg/kg orally once daily Cat: 1–2 mg/kg orally once daily |
| Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Used in treating chronic enteropathies, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, anemia, and neurological deficits Dog: 250–1500 mcg SC once weekly for 6 weeks, then reassess Cat: 250 mcg SC once weekly for 6 weeks, then reassess |
| Zinc supplements Used in managing zinc-responsive dermatosis and promoting healthy skin/coat Dog: 1–2 mg/kg orally once daily (zinc sulfate or gluconate) Cat: Use with caution and only under veterinary supervision |
| Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA/DHA) Support healthy skin and coat, reduce inflammation, help with atopic dermatitis and arthritis Dog: 20–40 mg/kg/day of EPA+DHA Cat: 25–50 mg/kg/day of EPA+DHA. |
| L-Carnitine Used for managing cardiomyopathy, obesity, hepatic lipidosis, and muscle disorders Dog: 50–100 mg/kg orally divided every 8–12 hours Cat: 250–500 mg/cat orally once or twice daily |
| Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) Supports energy metabolism, helpful in mitochondrial myopathies and skin health Dog: 1–2 mg/kg orally once daily Cat: 1–2 mg/kg orally once daily |
| Thiamine (Vitamin B1) Used for thiamine deficiency, neurologic disorders, and metabolic support Dog: 5–10 mg/kg orally or parenterally once daily Cat: 10–25 mg/cat orally or parenterally once daily |
| Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA/DHA) Support heart function, reduce inflammation, aid in weight loss, and benefit cognitive function Dog: 20–40 mg/kg/day of EPA+DHA Cat: 25–50 mg/kg/day of EPA+DHA |
| Taurine Used in the treatment and prevention of dilated cardiomyopathy and central retinal degeneration (especially in cats) Dog: 500–1000 mg orally every 12 hours Cat: 250–500 mg orally every 12 hours |
| Vitamin E (Tocopherol) Used as an antioxidant for neuromuscular disorders, cardiomyopathy, and dermatologic conditions Dog: 10–50 IU/kg orally once daily Cat: 10–25 IU/cat orally once daily. |
| Sevelamer hydrochloride Non-calcium phosphate binder used in CKD to manage hyperphosphatemia Dog: 30–90 mg/kg orally with food Cat: 30–90 mg/kg orally with food |
| Lanthanum carbonate Phosphate binder used for hyperphosphatemia in patients with CKD Dog: 20–100 mg/kg/day divided with meals Cat: 20–100 mg/kg/day divided with meals |
| Chitosan (e.g., in Renalzin) Used to reduce phosphate absorption and uremic toxins in CKD Dog: Dose per product instructions (commonly 0.5–1 mL with food) Cat: 0.5–1 mL with food (per product) |
| Calcium acetate Used to manage hyperphosphatemia associated with chronic kidney disease Dog: 45–90 mg/kg orally with food every 8–12 hours Cat: 45–90 mg/kg orally with food every 8–12 hours. |
| Clorazepate dipotassium Used for anxiety and as an adjunctive anticonvulsant Dog: 0.5–2 mg/kg orally every 8–12 hours Cat: 0.25–0.5 mg/kg orally every 12 hours |
| Temazepam Less commonly used; may be considered for sedation or anxiolytic purposes Dog: 0.1–0.5 mg/kg orally Cat: Not commonly used; consult a veterinarian. |
| Dihydrotachysterol Used in treatment of hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism Dog: 0.02–0.1 mg/kg orally once daily Cat: 0.02–0.05 mg/kg orally once daily |
| Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2) Used for vitamin D deficiency, hypoparathyroidism, and chronic kidney disease Dog: 10–20 IU/kg orally once daily (dosing must be carefully titrated) Cat: 5–15 IU/kg orally once daily |
| Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) Used in cases of dietary vitamin D deficiency and supportive renal therapy Dog: 10–25 IU/kg orally once daily Cat: 5–20 IU/kg orally once daily |
| Calcitriol Used in management of hypocalcemia, chronic kidney disease, and renal secondary hyperparathyroidism Dog: 2.5–3.5 ng/kg orally once daily Cat: 2.5–3.5 ng/kg orally once daily. |
| D-Penicillamine Used for copper storage disease and lead poisoning Dog: 10–15 mg/kg orally every 8–12 hr Cat: 10–15 mg/kg orally every 8–12 hr |
| Dimercaprol (BAL) Used in treatment of arsenic, mercury, and lead poisoning Dog: 3–5 mg/kg IM every 4–6 hr for 2 days, then every 12 hr for up to 10 days Cat: 2–3 mg/kg IM every 8–12 hr for 3–5 days |
| Succimer (DMSA) Used for lead poisoning, arsenic poisoning, and mercury poisoning Dog: 10 mg/kg orally every 8 hr for 5 days, then every 12 hr for 2 weeks Cat: 10 mg/kg orally every 12 hr for 10–14 days |
| Deferoxamine Used for iron toxicity and iron overload Dog: 40 mg/kg IM or SC every 4–8 hr as needed Cat: 40 mg/kg IM or SC every 6–8 hr as needed |
| Calcium EDTA Used in treatment of lead and heavy metal poisoning Dog: 66 mg/kg (IM or SC every 8–12 hr for 3–5 days) Cat: 66 mg/kg (IM or SC every 12 hr for 3–5 days) |
| Metformin Used experimentally in insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus (e.g., in obese animals) Dog: 10–20 mg/kg orally every 12 hr (with food) Cat: 5–10 mg/kg orally every 12 hr (use with caution) |
| Pioglitazone Used experimentally to improve insulin sensitivity in diabetic animals Dog: 1–2 mg/kg orally every 24 hr (limited data) Cat: 0.5–1 mg/kg orally every 24 hr (use cautiously) |
| Chlorpropamide Used as an oral hypoglycemic agent in diabetes mellitus (rarely used in veterinary medicine due to risk of hypoglycemia) Dog: 10–20 mg/kg orally every 12–24 hr (rare usage) Cat: Not recommended due to poor efficacy and risk of hypoglycemia. |
| Gonadorelin (GnRH) Induction of ovulation, treatment of cystic ovarian disease, diagnosis of pituitary-gonadal axis Dog: 25–100 µg/dog IM or IV Cat: 25–50 µg/cat IM or IV |
| Deslorelin acetate Ovulation induction, estrus induction, contraception (implant), management of reproductive hormone disorders Dog: 4.7 mg or 9.4 mg implant SC (lasts 6–12 months) Cat: 4.7 mg implant SC for suppression of estrus (off-label) |
| Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin (PMSG/eCG) Follicular development and ovulation induction in breeding protocols Dog: 25–50 IU/kg IM or SC (limited use) Cat: 50–100 IU IM or SC (used in combination with hCG) |
| Follitropin (FSH) Stimulation of follicular development for breeding programs or assisted reproduction Dog: 50–100 IU/day IM or SC for 3–5 days Cat: 25–50 IU/day IM or SC for 3–4 days |
| Chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) Induction of ovulation, cryptorchidism diagnosis, treatment of infertility, hypogonadism Dog: 50–500 IU/kg IM or IV (varies with indication) Cat: 100–200 IU IM or IV as a single dose (for ovulation induction) |
| Domperidone Prokinetic agent for gastroparesis, reflux; also used for stimulation of lactation Dog: 0.1–0.2 mg/kg PO every 8–12 hours Cat: 0.1–0.2 mg/kg PO every 12 hours |
| Erythromycin (low-dose) Gastroprokinetic (motilin receptor agonist) for delayed gastric emptying Dog: 1–2 mg/kg PO every 8–12 hours (prokinetic dose) Cat: 1–2 mg/kg PO every 8–12 hours (prokinetic dose) |
| Prucalopride Chronic constipation, colonic hypomotility (off-label in animals) Dog: 1–2 mg/dog PO once daily (off-label use) Cat: 0.04–0.08 mg/kg PO once daily (limited data, off-label) |
| Cisapride Gastroesophageal reflux, delayed gastric emptying, chronic constipation, megacolon Dog: 0.1–0.5 mg/kg PO every 8–12 hours Cat: 2.5–5 mg/cat PO every 8–12 hours. |
| Minocycline (Dynacin) Mycobacterial infections, Rickettsial diseases, Nocardia Dog: 5–10 mg/kg PO every 12 hours Cat: 5–10 mg/kg PO every 12 hours |
| Linezolid Refractory Gram-positive bacterial infections, Nocardia, MRSA, Mycobacterium (off-label) Dog: 10 mg/kg PO or IV every 8–12 hours (off-label use) Cat: 10 mg/kg PO or IV every 12 hours (monitor for marrow suppression) |
| Clofazimine Atypical mycobacterial infections, leprosy-like granulomatous diseases Dog: 1–2 mg/kg PO once daily (limited veterinary data) Cat: 0.5–1 mg/kg PO once daily (limited veterinary data) |
| Betamethasone Allergic dermatitis, pruritus, otitis externa, immune-mediated skin conditions Dog: Topical or IM: 0.05–0.1 mg/kg IM every 1–2 weeks or topical daily Cat: Topical use or IM (use cautiously due to systemic effects) |
| Triamcinolone acetonide Allergic dermatitis, pruritus, hot spots, seborrhea Dog: Topical or IM: 0.11 mg/kg IM every 7–14 days; topical daily Cat: Topical or IM: 0.05–0.1 mg/kg IM every 2–3 weeks |
| Desoximetasone Chronic dermatitis, autoimmune dermatoses (topical use) Dog: Apply thin film to affected area 1–2 times daily Cat: Use with caution; thin skin may predispose to systemic absorption |
| Mometasone furoate Allergic dermatitis, otitis externa, inflammatory skin disease Dog: Topical: once daily to every other day Cat: Topical: use with caution; monitor for adverse effects |
| Fluocinolone Dermatitis, otitis externa, pruritus, allergic skin disease Dog: Topical use as directed (commonly in combination with other agents) Cat: Topical use as directed (monitor for systemic absorption) |
| Paroxetine Separation anxiety, compulsive disorders, generalized anxiety, urine marking Dog: 0.5–1 mg/kg orally every 24 hours Cat: 0.5–1 mg/kg orally every 24 hours |
| Trazodone Situational anxiety, storm phobia, travel anxiety, post-surgical confinement stress Dog: 2–10 mg/kg orally every 8–24 hours Cat: 1–2 mg/kg orally 1–2 hours before stressful event |
| Fluvoxamine Anxiety disorders, compulsive disorders (e.g., acral lick dermatitis), behavioral disorders Dog: 1–2 mg/kg orally every 12–24 hours Cat: 0.5–1 mg/kg orally every 12–24 hours. |
| Diazepam Seizure control, anxiety, muscle relaxation, appetite stimulation Dog: 0.5–1 mg/kg IV, or 0.2–0.5 mg/kg orally every 8–12 hours Cat: 0.2–0.5 mg/kg orally every 8–12 hours (IV for seizures: 0.5 mg/kg) |
| Flurazepam Anxiety, insomnia, sedative premedication Dog: 0.1–0.5 mg/kg orally every 12–24 hours Cat: 0.1–0.5 mg/kg orally every 12–24 hours. |
| Levetiracetam Refractory epilepsy, idiopathic epilepsy (adjunctive or primary therapy) Dog: 20 mg/kg orally every 8 hours (or extended-release every 12 hours) Cat: 20 mg/kg orally every 8 hours |
| Potassium bromide Adjunctive or alternative to phenobarbital for seizure control Dog: 30–40 mg/kg orally once daily (with food) Cat: Not recommended—high risk of pulmonary toxicity |
| Felbamate Refractory epilepsy, partial seizures (adjunctive therapy) Dog: 15–20 mg/kg orally every 8–12 hours Cat: Not commonly used; consult neurologist if considered. |
| Vincristine Lymphoma, transmissible venereal tumor (TVT), thrombocytopenia Dog: 0.5–0.75 mg/m² IV weekly Cat: 0.025 mg/kg IV weekly |
| Vinblastine Mast cell tumors, lymphoma Dog: 2–3 mg/m² IV weekly Cat: 1.5–2 mg/m² IV weekly |
| Chlorambucil Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, small cell lymphoma, immune-mediated diseases Dog: 2–6 mg/m² orally every 24–48 hours Cat: 2 mg/m² orally every 48–72 hours |
| Deracoxib Postoperative pain, osteoarthritis Dog: 1–2 mg/kg orally once daily for osteoarthritis; 3–4 mg/kg for postoperative pain Cat: Not recommended |
| Firocoxib Osteoarthritis, pain, inflammation Dog: 5 mg/kg orally once daily Cat: Not approved |
| Robenacoxib Postoperative pain, musculoskeletal disorders Dog: 1 mg/kg orally or SC once daily Cat: 1–2.4 mg/kg orally once daily for up to 6 days |
| Grapiprant Osteoarthritis-related pain and inflammation Dog: 2 mg/kg orally once daily Cat: Not approved (research ongoing) |
| Piroxicam Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), musculoskeletal inflammation Dog: 0.3 mg/kg orally once daily Cat: 0.3 mg/kg orally once every 48 hours (monitor renal function) |
| Etodolac Osteoarthritis, pain, inflammation Dog: 10–15 mg/kg orally once daily Cat: Not recommended (limited safety data) |
| Penicillamine Copper-associated hepatitis, autoimmune disorders Dog: 10–15 mg/kg orally every 12 hours (on empty stomach) Cat: Limited data; not routinely used |
| Silymarin (Milk Thistle) Hepatoprotective, liver detoxification Dog: 20–50 mg/kg orally every 12–24 hours Cat: 20–50 mg/kg orally every 12–24 hours |
| Cyclosporine Autoimmune hepatitis, atopic dermatitis, immune-mediated diseases Dog: 5–10 mg/kg orally every 24 hours Cat: 5–7 mg/kg orally every 24 hours |
| Colchicine, Antifibrotic Hepatic fibrosis, amyloidosis, chronic liver diseases Dog: 0.03–0.06 mg/kg orally every 24 hours Cat: Use with caution; consult specialist (off-label use) |
| Rivaroxaban Hypercoagulable states, thromboembolism (off-label use) Dog: 0.5–1 mg/kg orally every 24 hours Cat: 0.5–1 mg/kg orally every 24 hours |
| Coumarin, Anticoagulant. Anticoagulant rodenticide (toxicity risk), studied for lymphedema and vascular support Dog: Not commonly used therapeutically; potential for toxicity Cat: Not used (toxic) |
| Ferrous sulfate Iron-deficiency anemia, chronic blood loss, nutritional supplementation Dog: 3–6 mg/kg orally every 12–24 hours Cat: 3–6 mg/kg orally every 12–24 hours. |
| Ferrous gluconate Iron-deficiency anemia, milder GI irritation than ferrous sulfate Dog: 3–6 mg/kg orally every 12–24 hours Cat: 3–6 mg/kg orally every 12–24 hours |
| Ferrous fumarate Iron-deficiency anemia, nutritional supplementation Dog: 3–6 mg/kg orally every 12–24 hours Cat: 3–6 mg/kg orally every 12–24 hours |
| Iron dextran (Injectable) Iron-deficiency anemia, especially in neonates or animals unable to tolerate oral iron Dog: 5–10 mg/kg IM as a single dose Cat: Use with caution; 5–10 mg/kg IM (off-label) |
| Polysaccharide-iron complex Iron-deficiency anemia, improved GI tolerance Dog: 5 mg elemental iron/kg orally once daily Cat: 5 mg elemental iron/kg orally once daily |
| Carbonyl iron Iron-deficiency anemia; lower GI side effects Dog: 3–6 mg/kg orally every 24 hours (elemental iron) Cat: 3–6 mg/kg orally every 24 hours (elemental iron) |
| Sodium bicarbonate Metabolic acidosis associated with ethylene glycol poisoning Dog: 1–5 mEq/kg IV based on base deficit Cat: 1–5 mEq/kg IV based on base deficit |
| Thiamine (Vitamin B1) Adjunct in ethylene glycol poisoning (supports glyoxylate metabolism) Dog: 100 mg IV or IM every 6–12 hr Cat: 25–50 mg IV or IM every 6–12 hr |
| Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) Supportive therapy in ethylene glycol toxicity (enhances detoxification of glyoxylic acid) Dog: 50 mg IV every 6–12 hr Cat: 25–50 mg IV every 6–12 hr |
| Fomepizole Ethylene glycol (antifreeze) poisoning Dog: 20 mg/kg IV initially, then 15 mg/kg at 12 hr, 15 mg/kg at 24 hr, and 5 mg/kg at 36 hr Cat: Use not recommended due to low efficacy; ethanol preferred. |
| Chlorpheniramine Allergic reactions, pruritus, atopy, insect bites, vaccine reactions, urticaria Dog: 0.2–0.4 mg/kg PO every 8–12 hr Cat: 1–2 mg/cat PO every 8–12 hr |
| Loratadine Allergic dermatitis, urticaria, insect bites (off-label use) Dog: 0.25–0.5 mg/kg PO every 24 hr Cat: 0.25 mg/kg PO every 24 hr |
| Cyproheptadine Allergic dermatitis, appetite stimulation (especially in cats) Dog: 0.5–1.1 mg/kg PO every 8–12 hr Cat: 1–2 mg/cat PO every 12 hr |
| Clemastine Pruritus, allergic dermatitis, urticaria, insect bite reactions Dog: 0.1 mg/kg PO every 12 hr Cat: 0.67 mg/cat PO every 12 hr. |
| Frozen Plasma Delayed treatment of coagulopathies and hypoalbuminemia Dog: 6–10 mL/kg IV Cat: 6–10 mL/kg IV |
| Whole Blood Anemia with concurrent coagulopathies or hypovolemia Dog: 10–22 mL/kg IV Cat: 10–22 mL/kg IV |
| Packed Red Blood Cells (pRBCs) Anemia (non-coagulopathy-related), hemorrhagic shock Dog: 10–15 mL/kg IV Cat: 6–10 mL/kg IV |
| Vitamin K1 (Phytonadione) Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity (Warfarin, Brodifacoum), clotting disorders Dog: 2.5–5 mg/kg PO or SC once daily Cat: 2.5–5 mg/kg PO or SC once daily |
| Desmopressin Acetate (DDAVP) von Willebrand disease, mild hemophilia A Dog: 1–4 µg/kg SC or IV every 12–24 hr Cat: 1–4 µg/kg SC or IV every 12–24 hr |
| Cryoprecipitate Treatment of hemophilia A, von Willebrand disease, and hypofibrinogenemia Dog: 1 unit/10 kg IV as needed Cat: 1 unit/5 kg IV as needed. |
| Atovaquone Treatment of Babesia gibsoni infections Dog: 13.3 mg/kg PO every 8 hours for 10 days, often with azithromycin Cat: Not typically used |
| Buparvaquone Treatment of Theileria and Babesia infections Dog: 5–10 mg/kg IM once; may repeat in 48–72 hours Cat: Rarely used |
| Primaquine phosphate (Primaquine) Treatment of feline babesiosis. Babesia felis infection. Cat: 0.5 mg/kg PO every 72 hours × 3 doses, then daily × 3–4 weeks; avoid overdose (toxic >1 mg/kg) |
| Allopurinol Treatment of leishmaniasis Dog: 10 mg/kg PO twice daily Cat: Rarely used |
| Miltefosine Treatment of leishmaniasis Dog: 2 mg/kg PO once daily × 28 days Cat: Not typically used |
| Pyrimethamine Treatment of toxoplasmosis and neosporosis Dog: 0.25–1 mg/kg PO once daily with sulfonamides Cat: 0.25–1 mg/kg PO once daily with sulfonamides |
| Imidocarb dipropionate(Imizol) Treatment of babesiosis, hepatozoonosis Dog: 5–6 mg/kg IM or SC every 14 days (2 doses) Cat: 5 mg/kg IM or SC as a single dose (off-label for cytauxzoonosis) |
| Oclacitinib (Apoquel) Treatment of allergic dermatitis and control of atopic dermatitis Dog: 0.4–0.6 mg/kg PO every 12 hours for up to 14 days, then once daily Cat: Not approved; limited off-label use |
| Cytopoint (Lokivetmab) Monoclonal antibody for treatment of allergic/atopic dermatitis Dog: 2 mg/kg SC every 4–8 weeks Cat: Not approved |
| Polyvalent Tetanus antitoxin (equine) Passive immunization for specific toxins (e.g., Clostridium tetani) Dog: 1500–3000 IU IM or SC once Cat: Same as dog |
| Equine-origin antivenin Treatment of pit viper envenomation Dog: 1–2 vials IV slowly over 1–2 hours Cat: 1 vial IV (less common use; adjust dose and monitor closely) |
| Feline interferon omega Supportive treatment for FeLV, FIV, FIP, parvoviral infections Dog: 2.5 MU/kg SC for parvovirus (off-label) Cat: 1 MU/kg SC once daily × 5 days/week for 3 weeks |
| Canine recombinant interferon gamma Adjunct for chronic infections, immune modulation (experimental) Dog: Dose varies depending on indication (limited clinical use) Cat: Not commonly used |
| Gamma globulin (Canine/Feline IgG) Supportive treatment for immune-mediated diseases, parvoviral enteritis, immune suppression Dog: 400 mg/kg IV once or divided over 4–6 hours Cat: 400 mg/kg IV once (rarely used; caution due to risk of reactions) |
| Sargramostim (GM-CSF) Neutropenia, immune support during chemotherapy, fungal infections (adjunctive) Dog: 5–10 µg/kg SC or IV once daily Cat: 3–5 µg/kg SC or IV once daily |
| Epoetin alfa (Erythropoietin - human recombinant) Anemia of chronic kidney disease, non-regenerative anemia Dog: 100 U/kg SC three times a week Cat: 100 U/kg SC three times a week |
| Darbepoetin alfa Anemia of chronic kidney disease, longer-acting alternative to epoetin Dog: 0.45–1.1 µg/kg SC once weekly Cat: 0.45–1.1 µg/kg SC once weekly |
| Lenograstim Myelosuppression, neutropenia (off-label use) Dog: 5 µg/kg SC once daily Cat: 1–5 µg/kg SC once daily |
| Molgramostim Neutropenia, infection risk reduction post-chemotherapy (rare in veterinary use) Dog: 5–10 µg/kg SC daily (extrapolated) Cat: Not commonly used |
| Filgrastim (Neupogen) Neutropenia, chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression, parvoviral leukopenia Dog: 5–10 µg/kg SC once daily Cat: 1–5 µg/kg SC once daily. |
| Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) Chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, arthritis, dermatitis, cancer support Dog: 50–100 mg/kg/day (combined with DHA) Cat: 25–50 mg/kg/day (combined with DHA) |
| Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) Skin and coat health, inflammation (less effective conversion to EPA/DHA in dogs and cats) Dog: 50–100 mg/kg/day (in diet) Cat: Not preferred (low conversion to EPA/DHA) |
| Fish Oil (Omega-3 Fatty Acids) Arthritis, renal disease, dermatitis, heart disease, cancer cachexia, cognitive decline Dog: 75–100 mg/kg/day (EPA+DHA) Cat: 25–50 mg/kg/day (EPA+DHA) |
| Krill Oil Skin disorders, joint support, cognitive health, inflammation Dog: 100–300 mg/day depending on weight Cat: 50–100 mg/day depending on weight |
| Flaxseed Oil Dry skin, dull coat, mild inflammation (limited EPA/DHA conversion) Dog: 1 tsp/10 kg/day Cat: Not typically recommended as sole omega-3 source |
| Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) Cognitive dysfunction, inflammatory skin disease, arthritis, cardiac disease, renal disease, cancer support Dog: 50–100 mg/kg/day (combined EPA+DHA) Cat: 25–50 mg/kg/day (combined EPA+DHA) |
| Dalteparin Thromboembolic disease, IMHA, cardiac thromboembolism Dog: 100–150 IU/kg (SC every 8–12 hr) Cat: 100 IU/kg (SC every 12 hr) |
| Ticlopidine Prevention of thromboembolism, arterial thromboembolism, hypercoagulability, IMHA Dog: 10–15 mg/kg (PO every 12–24 hr) Cat: 10–15 mg/kg (PO every 24 hr) |
| Dextrose (D-glucose) Hypoglycemia, insulin overdose, supportive therapy Dog: 0.5–1 mL/kg of 50% solution (diluted IV to 25% or lower) Cat: 0.5–1 mL/kg of 50% solution (diluted IV to 25% or lower) |
| Diazoxide Insulinoma, refractory hypoglycemia Dog: 5–20 mg/kg (PO every 8–12 hr) Cat: 5–15 mg/kg (PO every 8–12 hr) |
| Octreotide Insulinoma, refractory hypoglycemia Dog: 2–4 µg/kg (SC every 8 hr) Cat: 2–4 µg/kg (SC every 8 hr) |
| Propranolol Used in beta-blocker toxicity, arrhythmias (caution in hypoglycemia) Dog: 0.2–0.6 mg/kg (IV slowly every 6–8 hr) Cat: 0.2–0.4 mg/kg (IV slowly every 6–8 hr) |
| Glucagon Insulin overdose, hypoglycemia, beta-blocker overdose, esophageal obstruction Dog: 50 µg/kg (IV or IM; may repeat every 15 min) Cat: 50 µg/kg (IV or IM; may repeat every 15 min) |
| Chlorpromazine Antiemetic, sedation, motion sickness Dog: 0.5–1 mg/kg (IM or IV every 6–8 hr) Cat: 0.5 mg/kg (IM or IV every 6–8 hr) |
| Fluphenazine Long-term behavioral control, especially in dogs with chronic aggression (off-label) Dog: 0.5–1 mg/kg (IM every 2–3 weeks; use cautiously) Cat: Use not recommended due to side effects |
| Prochlorperazine Antiemetic, tranquilizer, motion sickness vomiting Dog: 0.1–0.5 mg/kg (IM or PO every 8–12 hr) Cat: 0.1–0.3 mg/kg (IM or PO every 8–12 hr) |
| Haloperidol Severe behavioral disorders, sedation, stereotypic behavior, severe anxiety Dog: 0.05–0.1 mg/kg (PO every 12–24 hr) Cat: Rarely used due to adverse effects; consult specialist. |
| Apomorphine Induce vomiting, Preferred emetic for dogs in toxin ingestion emergencies Dog: 0.03–0.04 mg/kg (IV or conjunctival sac); vomiting usually occurs within minutes Cat: Not effective; not recommended |
| Xylazine Induce vomiting, Used as an emetic and sedative in cats Dog: Rarely used as an emetic Cat: 0.44 mg/kg (IM once); induces vomiting within 3–5 minutes |
| Hydrogen Peroxide 3% Induce vomiting, Over-the-counter emetic for at-home induction in dogs (not recommended in cats) Dog: 1–5 ml/kg (PO once, max 45 ml); repeat once after 15 minutes if needed Cat: Contraindicated due to risk of gastritis and esophagitis |
| Dexmedetomidine Induce vomiting, Sedative with emetic effect in cats Dog: Sedative only Cat: 0.005–0.01 mg/kg (IM); vomiting in 80–90% of cases within 10 minutes |
| Ipecac Emetic agent used to induce vomiting in toxin ingestion (use discouraged in modern veterinary practice due to variable response and potential toxicity) Dog: 1–2 ml/kg (PO once; monitor closely) Cat: Not recommended due to risk of cardiotoxicity. |
| Fenoxycara Treatment of gastrointestinal nematodes and cestodes Dog: Dosage varies; consult veterinary guidelines Cat: Dosage varies; consult veterinary guidelines |
| Fenbendazole Treatment of gastrointestinal nematodes (e.g., Toxocara spp., Ancylostoma spp.), cestodes (e.g., Taenia spp.), and protozoa (e.g., Giardia spp.) Dog: 50 mg/kg (PO once daily for 3 consecutive days) Cat: 50 mg/kg (PO once daily for 3 consecutive days) |
| Oxfendazole Treatment of gastrointestinal nematodes and cestodes Dog: Dosage varies; consult veterinary guidelines Cat: Dosage varies; consult veterinary guidelines |
| Pyriproxyfen(Insect growth regulator) Insect growth regulator; used to control fleas by preventing maturation of flea eggs and larvae Dog: Topical use in flea control products Cat: Topical use in flea control products |
| Methoprene(Insect growth regulator) Insect growth regulator; prevents flea eggs and larvae from developing into adults Dog: Used in spot-on treatments and collars Cat: Used in spot-on treatments and collars |
| Lufenuron(Insect growth regulator) Chitin synthesis inhibitor; prevents development of flea eggs and larvae Dog: 10 mg/kg (PO once monthly with food) Cat: 30 mg/kg (PO once monthly with food) |
| Spinosad(Insect growth regulator) Insecticide; kills adult fleas by overstimulating their nervous system Dog: 30–60 mg/kg (PO once monthly) Cat: Not typically used in cats unless specified in veterinary-approved products |
| Indoxacarb(Insect growth regulator) Oxadiazine insecticide; kills adult fleas and blocks development Dog: Topical application (dose varies by weight) Cat: Topical application (dose varies by weight) |
| Methocarbamol(Centrally acting muscle relaxant) Tremors and spasms due to toxins or spinal cord injury Dog: 20–30 mg/kg IV or PO q8h Cat: 10–20 mg/kg IV or PO q8h |
| Baclofen(Centrally acting muscle relaxant) GABA agonist used to treat severe muscle spasticity; limited use due to narrow safety margin Dog: 0.5–2 mg/kg PO q8–12h (caution: toxicity risk) Cat: Use not generally recommended (very narrow safety margin) |
| Tizanidine(Centrally acting muscle relaxant) Alpha-2 adrenergic agonist used as a muscle relaxant and for spasticity management Dog: Off-label; dosing not well established Cat: Off-label; very limited use and clinical data |
| Chlorzoxazone(Centrally acting muscle relaxant) Muscle relaxant used to relieve skeletal muscle spasms; rarely used in veterinary medicine Dog: Experimental/off-label use Cat: Not typically used due to safety concerns. |
| Sildenafil(Viagara tablet),Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor Used for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension in dogs and cats Dog: 1–2 mg/kg PO q8–12h Cat: 0.25–1.5 mg/kg PO q8–12h |
| Tadalafil(Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor) to cause Pulmonary vasodilation. Pulmonary hypertension, polycythemia. Dog: 0.5–2 mg/kg PO q24h Cat: Limited data; not routinely used |
| L-Arginine(Phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitor) Amino acid precursor of nitric oxide; used as a vasodilator supplement for cardiovascular support Dog: Dose varies; often used in formulations Cat: Similar supplemental use |
| Vardenafil(Phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitor) used experimentally to treat pulmonary hypertension in dogs Dog: 1–2 mg/kg PO q12–24h (off-label) Cat: Limited or no data available; not commonly used. |
| Mannitol(Osmotic diuretic) used to reduce intracranial and intraocular pressure, treat oliguric renal failure, and flush toxins Dog: 0.5–1.5 g/kg IV over 20–30 min Cat: 0.25–1 g/kg IV over 30 min. |
| Hetastarch(Osmotic agent) Colloid volume expander used for hypovolemia and to maintain oncotic pressure Dog: 5–20 mL/kg IV depending on severity Cat: 5–10 mL/kg IV with caution (risk of coagulopathy) |
| Dextran 70(Osmotic agent) Synthetic colloid used to treat hypovolemia and improve microcirculation Dog: 10–20 mL/kg IV Cat: 5–10 mL/kg IV |
| Hypertonic Saline(Osmotic agent) Hypovolemic shock, traumatic brain injury (reducing intracranial pressure), and acute hemorrhagic shock Dog: 4–5 mL/kg IV over 5–10 min Cat: 2–4 mL/kg IV over 5–10 min. |
| 3% Sodium Chloride (Hypertonic NaCl)(Osmotic agent) Hypertonic crystalloid used similarly to hypertonic saline for reducing cerebral edema and increasing blood pressure rapidly Dog: 4–5 mL/kg IV over 5–10 min Cat: 2–4 mL/kg IV over 5–10 min. |
| Albumin (Human or Canine)(Osmotic agent) Plasma protein used to treat hypoalbuminemia, support oncotic pressure in critical care Dog: 5–10 mL/kg IV over hours Cat: Use with caution due to hypersensitivity risk. |
| Azathioprine(Immunosuppressive) Immunosuppressive purine antagonist used in immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, and inflammatory bowel disease Dog: 1.5–2.5 mg/kg PO once daily initially, then every other day Cat: Contraindicated due to severe bone marrow suppression |
| Cytarabine (Cytosine arabinoside)(Immunosuppressive) Antimetabolite used in lymphoma, leukemia, and granulomatous meningoencephalitis (GME) Dog: 50 mg/m² IV or SC q12h for 2 days, repeated in cycles Cat: Limited use, primarily in specialized oncology centers |
| Cyclophosphamide(Immunosuppressive) Lymphoma, leukemia, sarcomas, immune-mediated diseases, immune-mediated diseases and some carcinomas Dog: 200–250 mg/m² IV every 2–3 weeks or 50 mg/m² PO daily Cat: 50–200 mg/m² IV every 2–3 weeks |
| Methotrexate(Immunosuppressive) Antimetabolite and immunosuppressive drug used to treat lymphoma, osteosarcoma, immune-mediated diseases (e.g., immune-mediated polyarthritis) Dog: 0.3–0.8 mg/kg IV, IM, or PO weekly (in cancer protocols) Cat: Use with caution; 0.3 mg/kg IV or PO weekly (less commonly used). |
| Bezafibrate(Lipid-lowering agent) Fibric acid derivative used to reduce serum triglycerides and cholesterol, particularly in idiopathic hyperlipidemia or secondary to endocrine diseases Dog: 10 mg/kg PO once daily Cat: Rarely used, use with caution |
| Fenofibrate(Lipid-lowering agent) Used to treat hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia in dogs, especially when associated with pancreatitis or endocrine disorders like diabetes mellitus Dog: 10 mg/kg PO once daily Cat: Use with caution; not routinely recommended |
| Omega-3 Fatty Acids (EPA/DHA)(Lipid-lowering agent) Nutritional supplement used as adjunct therapy in hyperlipidemia, skin disorders (e.g., atopy), osteoarthritis, renal and cardiac disease Dog: 40–70 mg/kg EPA + DHA per day PO Cat: 30–50 mg/kg EPA + DHA per day PO |
| Cholestyramine(Lipid-lowering agent) Bile acid sequestrant used to manage hypercholesterolemia, pruritus associated with bile acid accumulation, and toxin binding Dog: 0.5–2 g/dog PO every 12 hours Cat: 0.25–0.5 g/cat PO every 12–24 hours |
| Enalapril(ACE inhibitor) ACE inhibitor widely used to treat congestive heart failure, systemic hypertension, and glomerular disease with proteinuria. Dog: 0.25–0.5 mg/kg PO every 12–24 hours Cat: 0.25–0.5 mg/kg PO every 24 hours |
| Benazepril(ACE inhibitor) ACE inhibitor approved for use in dogs and cats for managing heart failure, systemic hypertension, and chronic kidney disease with proteinuria. Dog: 0.25–0.5 mg/kg PO once daily Cat: 0.5–1.0 mg/kg PO once daily |
| Ramipril(ACE inhibitor) ACE inhibitor used in managing protein-losing nephropathy, systemic hypertension, and congestive heart failure. Dog: 0.125–0.25 mg/kg PO once daily Cat: 0.1–0.25 mg/kg PO once daily |
| Imidapril(ACE inhibitor) ACE inhibitor used similarly to enalapril and benazepril for cardiovascular and renal disorders in dogs and cats. Dog: 0.25–0.5 mg/kg PO once daily Cat: Use with caution; less commonly prescribed |
| Spironolactone(ACE inhibitor) Aldosterone antagonist used as adjunct to ACE inhibitors in treatment of congestive heart failure, especially with mitral valve disease; also used for proteinuria. Dog: 1–2 mg/kg PO once or twice daily Cat: 1–2 mg/kg PO once daily |
| Telmisartan(ACE inhibitor) Angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) used to manage systemic hypertension and proteinuria in chronic kidney disease, often as alternative or adjunct to ACE inhibitors. Dog: 1 mg/kg PO once daily Cat: 1–2 mg/kg PO once daily |
| Lisinopril(ACE inhibitor) ACE inhibitor used in dogs and cats for treatment of heart failure, systemic hypertension, and proteinuria due to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Dog: 0.5 mg/kg PO once daily Cat: 0.5 mg/kg PO once daily . |
| Micafungin Echinocandin antifungal used off-label for treating candidemia and esophageal candidiasis; potential use in systemic aspergillosis in veterinary patients. Dog: 1 mg/kg IV once daily Cat: 1 mg/kg IV once daily |
| Anidulafungin Echinocandin antifungal used off-label for treating candidemia and esophageal candidiasis; limited data in veterinary patients. Dog: 1 mg/kg IV once daily Cat: Use with caution; limited data available |
| Amphotericin B Polyene antifungal used for systemic mycoses including cryptococcosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, and coccidioidomycosis. Dog: 0.5–1 mg/kg IV three times weekly to a cumulative dose of 4–8 mg/kg Cat: 0.25 mg/kg IV three times weekly to a cumulative dose of 4–6 mg/kg |
| Itraconazole Triazole antifungal used for systemic fungal infections such as blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, and aspergillosis. Dog: 5–10 mg/kg PO once daily Cat: 5 mg/kg PO every 12 hours |
| Voriconazole Second-generation triazole antifungal used off-label for invasive aspergillosis and other resistant fungal infections; use with caution in cats due to potential toxicity. Dog: 4 mg/kg PO every 12 hours Cat: Use with caution; not routinely recommended |
| Posaconazole Broad-spectrum triazole antifungal used off-label for refractory fungal infections including aspergillosis and mucormycosis. Dog: 5 mg/kg PO once daily Cat: 5 mg/kg PO once daily |
| Caspofungin Echinocandin antifungal used off-label in veterinary medicine for treating invasive aspergillosis and candidiasis, particularly in cases refractory to azoles and amphotericin B. Dog: 1 mg/kg IV once daily Cat: 1 mg/kg IV once daily. |
| Antazoline Topical H1-antihistamine (often combined with vasoconstrictors) for allergic conjunctivitis Dog: 1–2 drops in affected eye(s) every 8–12 hours Cat: 1–2 drops in affected eye(s) every 8–12 hours |
| Pheniramine Topical H1-antihistamine used in combination eye drops for allergic conjunctivitis Dog: 1–2 drops in affected eye(s) every 8–12 hours Cat: 1–2 drops in affected eye(s) every 8–12 hours |
| Cetirizine Second-generation systemic H1-antihistamine used for atopic dermatitis and pruritus Dog: 1 mg/kg PO once daily Cat: 1 mg/kg PO once daily |
| Hydroxyzine First-generation systemic H1-antihistamine used for pruritus and allergic conditions Dog: 2 mg/kg PO every 8–12 hours Cat: 2 mg/kg PO every 8–12 hours |
| Chlorpheniramine First-generation systemic H1-antihistamine used for pruritus and atopy Dog: 0.5–1 mg/kg PO every 8–12 hours Cat: 2–4 mg/cat PO every 12 hours |
| Cyproheptadine H1-antihistamine used for allergies and appetite stimulation Dog: 1.1 mg/kg PO every 12 hours Cat: 2 mg/cat PO every 12 hours |
| Levocabastine Topical H1-antihistamine used for allergic conjunctivitis and ocular pruritus in dogs and cats Dog: 1–2 drops in affected eye(s) every 12 hours Cat: 1–2 drops in affected eye(s) every 12 hours. |
| Pirlimycin Lincosamide antibiotic primarily used for mastitis in cattle; limited and off-label use in dogs and cats. Dog: Use not established Cat: Use not established |
| Lincomycin (Lincocin®) Lincosamide antibiotic effective against Gram-positive cocci and anaerobes; used in treatment of skin infections, bone infections, and dental infections in dogs and cats. Dog: 10–20 mg/kg IM or PO every 12 hours Cat: 10–20 mg/kg IM or PO every 12 hours. |
| Chlorambucil (Leukeran®) Used to treat lymphoma, leukemia, and immune-mediated diseases; oral alkylating agent with good tolerability in cats and dogs. Dog: 2–6 mg/m² PO every 24–48 hours (depending on protocol) Cat: 0.1–0.2 mg/kg PO every 48 hours |
| Melphalan (Alkeran®) Used primarily for multiple myeloma and lymphoma in dogs; alkylating agent with oral and IV formulations. Dog: 0.1 mg/kg PO daily (chronic); 7 mg/m² IV (pulse therapy) Cat: Use under oncology supervision; dose adjusted |
| Busulfan (Myleran®) Primarily used for chronic myelogenous leukemia and polycythemia vera; rarely used but may be applied in refractory hematologic neoplasms. Dog: 2–6 mg/m² PO every 48 hours (protocol dependent) Cat: Rarely used; consult veterinary oncologist |
| Ifosfamide Alkylating agent similar to cyclophosphamide, used off-label in certain chemotherapy protocols for sarcomas and lymphomas. Dog: 250–500 mg/m² IV every 3 weeks (with supportive care) Cat: Limited data; use in specialty setting |
| Mechlorethamine (Mustargen®) Used primarily for lymphoma, particularly in the MOPP protocol for canine lymphoma; also topical for cutaneous lymphoma (epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma). Dog: 0.1 mg/kg IV every 1–2 weeks (part of protocol) Cat: Not commonly used; consult oncologist. |
| Fenofibrate (Tricor®) Used for hypertriglyceridemia, idiopathic hyperlipidemia, and management of pancreatitis risk due to high lipid levels in dogs. Dog: 5–10 mg/kg PO SID Cat: Use not well-established; consult specialist |
| Bezafibrate Used off-label for primary hyperlipidemia in dogs; may help lower triglycerides and cholesterol, especially in cases not responding to diet alone. Dog: 5–10 mg/kg PO SID Cat: Safety data limited; not commonly used |
| Clofibrate Previously used in veterinary lipid management, now rarely used due to availability of newer fibrates. Still applicable for certain chronic hyperlipidemia cases. Dog: 25–50 mg/kg PO SID-BID Cat: Rarely used; potential adverse effects |
| Omega-3 Fatty Acids (EPA/DHA) Adjunctive therapy for hyperlipidemia, pancreatitis, and inflammatory skin disease; modulates lipid metabolism and reduces serum triglycerides. Dog: 40–60 mg/kg/day (EPA+DHA combined) Cat: 30–50 mg/kg/day (EPA+DHA combined) |
| Gemfibrozil Used to treat hyperlipidemia, particularly in breeds prone to lipid disorders such as Miniature Schnauzers. May also be useful in preventing pancreatitis secondary to hyperlipidemia. Dog: 10–15 mg/kg PO BID Cat: Not routinely used; limited safety data. |
| Pradofloxacin (Veraflox) Broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone approved for use in cats (and dogs in some countries); indicated for skin infections, abscesses, and periodontal infections. Dog: 3 mg/kg PO SID (some off-label use) Cat: 7.5 mg/kg PO SID |
| Sarafloxacin Primarily a veterinary antibiotic; used off-label in dogs for bacterial infections when other fluoroquinolones are not suitable. Dog: Dosing varies; use with veterinary guidance Cat: Not commonly recommended |
| Difloxacin (Dicural) Used to treat bacterial infections including skin infections, soft tissue infections, and urinary tract infections in dogs. Not recommended for use in cats. Dog: 5–10 mg/kg PO SID Cat: Not recommended. |
| Fenbendazole (Panacur) Treatment of roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, and some tapeworms; also effective against Giardia and lungworms. Dog: 50 mg/kg PO SID for 3–5 days Cat: 25–50 mg/kg PO SID for 3–5 days |
| Milbemycin Oxime (Interceptor, Sentinel) Used for heartworm prevention and treatment of hookworms, roundworms, and whipworms. Dog: 0.5–1 mg/kg PO monthly Cat: 2 mg/kg PO monthly |
| Moxidectin (ProHeart, Advantage Multi) Prevention of heartworm disease and treatment of intestinal parasites such as hookworms and roundworms. Dog: 0.17 mg/kg SC every 6 months (ProHeart); topical dosed per product label Cat: Topical dose per product label (Advantage Multi) |
| Emodepside + Praziquantel (Profender) Broad-spectrum dewormer effective against roundworms, hookworms, and tapeworms in cats. Dog: Not approved Cat: Topical per product label (single dose) |
| Levamisole Anthelmintic used for gastrointestinal nematodes; also has immunostimulant properties. Dog: 5–10 mg/kg PO once or repeat after 7–14 days Cat: Not commonly recommended; use with caution if needed at 5 mg/kg PO once. |
| Megestrol Acetate (Ovaban) Suppression of estrus, treatment of pseudopregnancy, some behavioral issues (e.g., inappropriate urination). Dog: 0.5 mg/kg PO SID for 8 days (start in early proestrus) Cat: 2.5 mg/cat PO SID for 5 days, then every other day for 2 weeks |
| Deslorelin Acetate (Suprelorin) Chemical castration, estrus suppression, and treatment of inappropriate sexual behavior. Dog: 4.7 mg implant SC (6 months), or 9.4 mg (12 months) Cat: Off-label use; 4.7 mg implant SC may suppress reproductive function for 6–12 months |
| Delmadinone Acetate (Tardak) Used for hypersexuality, prostatic hypertrophy, and aggression in male dogs. Dog: 0.1–0.2 mL/kg IM or SC every 1–2 weeks Cat: Not commonly used |
| Mibolerone (Cheque Drops) Prevention of estrus in female dogs (estrus suppression); not recommended for cats. Dog: 30 mcg/day PO for small breeds; 60 mcg/day PO for large breeds; begin 30 days prior to anticipated estrus Cat: Not recommended. |
| Procainamide (Pronestyl) Ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia Dog: 10–15 mg/kg IV slowly or CRI; 15–30 mg/kg PO TID-QID Cat: Use with caution; 2–6 mg/kg IV slowly or CRI |
| Quinidine (Quinidex) Conversion of atrial fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm (mostly in horses); rarely used in small animals Dog: 5–10 mg/kg PO BID-TID (rarely used) Cat: Not recommended |
| Disopyramide (Norpace) Ventricular arrhythmias when other agents are not tolerated or effective Dog: 4–8 mg/kg PO TID Cat: Limited data; use cautiously if at all |
| Flecainide (Tambocor) Life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and some supraventricular arrhythmias Dog: 1–2 mg/kg PO BID Cat: Not typically used; consult specialist |
| Phenytoin (Dilantin) Digitalis-induced arrhythmias (experimental use); rarely used in small animal cardiology Dog: 5–10 mg/kg IV slowly Cat: Not recommended |
| Mexiletine (Mexitil) Ventricular arrhythmias, especially chronic ventricular tachycardia and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) in Boxers Dog: 5–8 mg/kg PO TID Cat: Use with caution; limited data available. |
| Oxfendazole Benzimidazole anthelmintic used for gastrointestinal nematodes; primarily in livestock, with limited use in dogs and cats. Dog: Not commonly used Cat: Not commonly used |
| Flubendazole Benzimidazole anthelmintic used for gastrointestinal nematodes; primarily in poultry and pigs, with limited use in dogs and cats. Dog: Not commonly used Cat: Not commonly used |
| Febantel Whipworms, roundworms, hookworms (often combined with pyrantel and praziquantel) Dog: 5–10 mg/kg (PO once or as combo) Cat: Off-label use; in combination products |
| Oxibendazole Broad-spectrum benzimidazole anthelmintic effective against gastrointestinal nematodes; limited use in dogs due to potential hepatotoxicity. Dog: Not commonly used due to risk of hepatic injury Cat: Not recommended. |
| Cloprostenol (Estrumate) Synthetic analog of PGF2α; used for estrus synchronization and treatment of pyometra in dogs. Dog: 1–2.5 μg/kg SC once daily for 4–5 days Cat: Not commonly used; limited data available |
| Latanoprost (Xalatan) Topical treatment of primary glaucoma in dogs; increases uveoscleral outflow. Dog: 1 drop of 0.005% solution in affected eye(s) every 12 hours Cat: Limited efficacy; not routinely used |
| Travoprost (Travatan) Topical treatment of glaucoma in dogs; increases aqueous humor outflow. Dog: 1 drop of 0.004% solution in affected eye(s) every 12 hours Cat: Limited efficacy; not routinely used |
| Bimatoprost (Lumigan) Topical treatment of glaucoma in dogs; enhances aqueous humor outflow. Dog: 1 drop of 0.03% solution in affected eye(s) every 12 hours Cat: Limited efficacy; not routinely used |
| Tafluprost (Zioptan) Topical treatment of glaucoma; preservative-free formulation. Dog: 1 drop of 0.0015% solution in affected eye(s) every 12 hours Cat: Limited efficacy; not routinely used |
| Unoprostone (Rescula) Topical treatment of glaucoma; increases aqueous humor outflow. Dog: 1 drop of 0.15% solution in affected eye(s) every 12 hours Cat: Limited efficacy; not routinely used |
| Latanoprostene Bunod (Vyzulta) Topical treatment of glaucoma; dual mechanism increasing uveoscleral and trabecular outflow. Dog: 1 drop of 0.024% solution in affected eye(s) every 12 hours Cat: Limited efficacy; not routinely used |
| Prostaglandin F2α (Dinoprost, Lutalyse) Used for estrus synchronization, pregnancy termination, and treatment of pyometra in dogs; limited efficacy in cats. Dog: 0.1 mg/kg SC or IM every 8–12 hours for 4–6 days Cat: Not commonly used; limited data available. |
| Diphenoxylate-Atropine (Lomotil) Antidiarrheal that slows GI motility; atropine added to discourage abuse. Dog: 0.05–0.2 mg/kg PO every 8–12 hours Cat: Use with caution; not commonly recommended due to sensitivity to opioids |
| Kaolin-Pectin Adsorbent and protectant for mild diarrhea; coats the GI mucosa. Dog: 1–2 mL/kg PO every 6 hours Cat: 1–2 mL/kg PO every 6 hours |
| Bismuth Subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) Treats mild diarrhea and GI inflammation; antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Dog: 0.5–1.5 mL/kg PO every 6–8 hours Cat: Not recommended due to salicylate toxicity risk |
| Tylosin (Tylan) Macrolide antibiotic used for chronic diarrhea and colitis (especially antibiotic-responsive enteropathy). Dog: 5–10 mg/kg PO every 12 hours Cat: 5–10 mg/kg PO every 12 hours |
| Probiotic Supplements (e.g., Fortiflora, Proviable) Restore normal intestinal flora and reduce diarrhea. Dog: As directed (varies by product) Cat: As directed (varies by product) |
| Loperamide (Dicotil tablet) persistent diarrhea , Noninfectious diarrhea, acute colitis. reduction of intestinal motility. Dog: 0.1–0.2 mg/kg PO every 8–12 hours Cat: 0.04 mg/kg PO every 12 hours (use with caution) |
| Ketotifen (Zaditor, Alaway) Allergic conjunctivitis, atopic ocular inflammation Dog: 1–2 drops in affected eye(s) every 8–12 hours Cat: 1–2 drops in affected eye(s) every 8–12 hours |
| Nedocromil sodium (Alocril) Mast cell stabilizer used to prevent allergic conjunctivitis Dog: 1–2 drops in affected eye(s) every 12 hours Cat: 1–2 drops in affected eye(s) every 12 hours |
| Azelastine (Optivar) Allergic conjunctivitis, seasonal allergic ocular conditions Dog: 1 drop in affected eye(s) every 12 hours Cat: 1 drop in affected eye(s) every 12 hours |
| Epinastine (Elestat) Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis Dog: 1 drop in affected eye(s) every 12 hours Cat: 1 drop in affected eye(s) every 12 hours |
| Levocabastine (Livostin) Allergic conjunctivitis (topical antihistamine) Dog: 1–2 drops in affected eye(s) every 12 hours Cat: 1–2 drops in affected eye(s) every 12 hours |
| Olopatadine (Patanol, Pataday) Allergic conjunctivitis, seasonal allergic ocular conditions Dog: 1–2 drops in affected eye(s) every 8–12 hours Cat: 1–2 drops in affected eye(s) every 8–12 hours. |
| Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine) Inflammatory bowel disease, colitis, chronic large bowel diarrhea Dog: 10–25 mg/kg (PO BID–TID) Cat: Not generally recommended (risk of salicylate toxicity) |
| Mesalamine (5-ASA) Ulcerative colitis, proctitis, IBD (used when sulfa allergy exists) Dog: 20–40 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: Not routinely recommended due to potential toxicity |
| Budesonide Inflammatory bowel disease (mild to moderate cases) Dog: 1 mg/dog/day (PO) Cat: 0.5–1 mg/cat/day (PO) |
| Olsalazine (Dipentum) Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), colitis Dog: 10–20 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: Use not commonly recommended; alternative agents preferred. |
| Kanamycin Gram-negative infections, hepatic encephalopathy, local GI infections Dog: 10–15 mg/kg (PO BID–TID) Cat: Rarely used orally due to poor tolerance |
| Rifaximin Hepatic encephalopathy, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) Dog: 25–30 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: Limited data, use under specialist guidance |
| Neomycin Sulfate Hepatic encephalopathy, superficial infections, intestinal bacterial overgrowth, bowel sterilization Dog: 10–20 mg/kg (PO BID–TID) Cat: 10–20 mg/kg (PO BID–TID; use with caution – nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity risk) |
| Spinosad (Comfortis) Flea infestations Dog: 30–60 mg/kg (PO monthly) Cat: 50–100 mg/kg (PO monthly) |
| Fluralaner (Bravecto) Fleas, ticks Dog: 25–56 mg/kg (PO or topical every 12 weeks) Cat: 40–94 mg/kg (Topical every 12 weeks) |
| Imidacloprid Fleas, lice Dog: Topical application (spot-on monthly, dose per product label) Cat: Topical application (spot-on monthly, dose per product label) |
| Nitenpyram (Capstar) Rapid elimination of adult fleas Dog: 1 mg/kg (PO once daily or as needed) Cat: 1 mg/kg (PO once daily or as needed) |
| Pyrethrin Otodectic mange.Fleas, ticks, lice, mosquito repellant. Dog: Topical or shampoo formulations (per label) Cat: Use with caution in low concentrations (per label) |
| Flumethrin Fleas, ticks Dog: Collar formulation (Seresto collar: releases flumethrin and imidacloprid) Cat: Collar formulation (Seresto collar: safe for cats) |
| Deltamethrin Ticks, fleas (dogs only) Dog: Topical spot-on or collars (per label) Cat: Not recommended (potential toxicity) |
| Permethrin Fleas, ticks, lice, mites (dogs only; toxic to cats) Dog: Topical formulations (dose as per product label) Cat: Contraindicated (toxic) |
| Naloxone Opioid overdose, opioid-induced respiratory or CNS depression Dog: 0.01–0.04 mg/kg (IV/IM/SQ/SC/ETT, repeated as needed) Cat: 0.01–0.04 mg/kg (IV/IM/SQ/SC/ETT, repeated as needed) |
| Nalmefene Opioid reversal, longer duration of action than naloxone Dog: 0.01–0.03 mg/kg (IV/IM/SQ, as needed) Cat: Limited data; consult with a veterinary specialist |
| Naltrexone Opioid overdose, pruritus, behavioral disorders, alcohol/ingestion deterrent (off-label) Dog: 0.5–1 mg/kg (PO or IM, SID or divided) Cat: 0.5–1 mg/kg (PO or IM, SID or divided) |
| Atropine sulfate Organophosphate and carbamate poisoning (anticholinergic, blocks muscarinic effects), pre-anesthetic, bradycardia Dog: 0.02–0.04 mg/kg (IV/IM/SC, q4–6h or as needed) Cat: 0.02–0.04 mg/kg (IV/IM/SC, q4–6h or as needed) |
| Glycopyrrolate Organophosphate toxicity (anticholinergic alternative to atropine), bradycardia, reduces secretions Dog: 0.01 mg/kg (IV/IM/SC, q2–4h) Cat: 0.01 mg/kg (IV/IM/SC, q2–4h) |
| Pralidoxime (2-PAM) Organophosphate and carbamate poisoning (reactivates acetylcholinesterase) Dog: 20 mg/kg (slow IV over 5–10 min, may repeat in 6–12h) Cat: 20 mg/kg (slow IV, repeat as needed) |
| Trilostane (Vetoryl) Canine Cushing’s disease (pituitary- or adrenal-dependent hyperadrenocorticism) Dog: 1–3 mg/kg (PO SID, adjust based on cortisol testing) Cat: 2–10 mg/kg (PO SID, use with caution) |
| Selegiline hydrochloride Cushing’s disease (pituitary-dependent, especially cognitive dysfunction-related), canine cognitive dysfunction Dog: 0.5–1 mg/kg (PO SID in morning) Cat: Not effective for hyperadrenocorticism |
| Metyrapone Feline Cushing’s disease (inhibits cortisol synthesis), diagnostic testing for HPA axis Dog: Rarely used Cat: 30–60 mg/kg/day (PO divided BID–TID) |
| Mitotane (Lysodren) Canine Cushing's disease (pituitary-dependent and adrenal tumors), adrenocortical carcinoma Dog: 50 mg/kg/day (PO divided BID for 5–7 days, then maintenance) Cat: Not routinely used. |
| Fluoxetine (Prozac, Reconcile) Separation anxiety, aggression, obsessive-compulsive disorders (e.g., tail chasing, acral lick dermatitis) Dog: 1–2 mg/kg (PO SID) Cat: 0.5–1 mg/kg (PO SID) |
| Clomipramine (Clomicalm) Canine separation anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorders, inappropriate urination in cats Dog: 1–2 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: 0.25–0.5 mg/kg (PO BID) |
| Amitriptyline Anxiety-related behaviors, pruritus, urinary tract disorders Dog: 1–2 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: 0.5–1 mg/kg (PO SID–BID) |
| Sertraline Anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive behavior Dog: 1–2 mg/kg (PO SID) Cat: 0.5–1 mg/kg (PO SID) |
| Lithium carbonate Behavioral disorders (e.g., aggression, compulsive disorders); rarely used in veterinary medicine due to narrow therapeutic index Dog: 10–20 mg/kg/day (PO divided BID–TID; use with extreme caution) Cat: Rarely used; not routinely recommended. |
| Doxazosin Urethral relaxation in urinary retention, hypertension Dog: 0.02–0.1 mg/kg (PO SID–BID) Cat: 0.02–0.1 mg/kg (PO SID) |
| Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) Urinary incontinence due to urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence Dog: 1–1.5 mg/kg (PO BID–TID) Cat: Use with caution or under veterinary guidance (rare) |
| Ephedrine Urinary incontinence, bronchodilation, hypotension Dog: 0.5–1 mg/kg (PO SID–BID) Cat: 0.25–0.5 mg/kg (PO SID) |
| Midodrine Hypotension (off-label), urinary incontinence (less commonly used) Dog: 0.1–0.5 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: Not routinely recommended |
| Clenbuterol Bronchodilator for chronic bronchitis and asthma (sympathomimetic) Dog: 0.001–0.005 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: 0.001–0.003 mg/kg (PO BID) |
| Albuterol (Salbutamol) Bronchodilation in bronchospasm (beta-2 agonist) Dog: 90–180 mcg via inhaler (as needed) Cat: 90 mcg via inhaler (as needed) |
| Pseudoephedrine Nasal congestion (rarely used), urinary incontinence (off-label) Dog: 1–2 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: Use not recommended due to high toxicity risk. |
| Diazepam Seizures, anxiety, muscle relaxation, appetite stimulant (especially in cats) Dog: 0.5–1 mg/kg (IV, PR; for seizures); 0.2–0.5 mg/kg (PO for anxiety) Cat: 0.2–0.5 mg/kg (PO or IV BID) |
| Midazolam Status epilepticus, sedation, anesthesia adjunct Dog: 0.1–0.3 mg/kg (IV, IM, IN) Cat: 0.1–0.3 mg/kg (IV, IM, IN) |
| Clonazepam Refractory seizures, behavioral disorders (off-label) Dog: 0.01–0.1 mg/kg (PO BID–TID) Cat: 0.02–0.05 mg/kg (PO BID) |
| Alprazolam Anxiety, noise phobia, situational phobias Dog: 0.01–0.05 mg/kg (PO PRN or BID) Cat: 0.125–0.25 mg/cat (PO PRN) |
| Oxazepam Appetite stimulation, anxiety (especially in cats) Dog: 0.2–0.5 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: 0.2–0.5 mg/kg (PO BID) |
| Chlordiazepoxide Behavioral disorders, anxiety (often in combination with clidinium) Dog: 0.5–1 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: Use uncommon; dose varies |
| Lorazepam Anxiety, status epilepticus, appetite stimulation, sedation Dog: 0.02–0.1 mg/kg (PO, IV, PR BID–TID) Cat: 0.02–0.1 mg/kg (PO, IV SID–BID) |
| Flumazenil (Romazicon) Reversal of benzodiazepine overdose or sedation (e.g., diazepam, midazolam) Dog: 0.01–0.02 mg/kg (IV slowly over 15–30 sec, may repeat every 1 min to max dose) Cat: 0.01 mg/kg (IV slowly, repeat as needed) |
| Levetiracetam Seizure control (monotherapy or adjunct), status epilepticus Dog: 20 mg/kg (PO TID; ER form BID) Cat: 20 mg/kg (PO TID) |
| Zonisamide Seizures (monotherapy or adjunct) Dog: 5–10 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: 5–10 mg/kg (PO BID) |
| Pregabalin Adjunct for seizures, neuropathic pain Dog: 2–4 mg/kg (PO BID–TID) Cat: 1–2 mg/kg (PO BID–TID) |
| Primidone Epilepsy (converted to phenobarbital in vivo) Dog: 5–15 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: Not recommended due to hepatotoxicity |
| Topiramate Refractory epilepsy (off-label use) Dog: 5–10 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: Use with caution; dosage not well established |
| Sodium bromide Adjunct therapy for idiopathic epilepsy, especially in dogs refractory to phenobarbital Dog: 30–40 mg/kg (PO SID with food) Cat: Not recommended due to risk of fatal pneumonitis. |
| Sulfadimethoxine Coccidiosis, respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, enteric infections, skin infections Dog: 55 mg/kg (PO once on day 1), then 27.5 mg/kg (PO SID for 4–5 days) Cat: 55 mg/kg (PO once on day 1), then 27.5 mg/kg (PO SID for 4–5 days) |
| Trimethoprim + Sulfadimethoxine Respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, enteric infections, skin infections, coccidiosis Dog: 15–30 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: 15–30 mg/kg (PO BID) |
| Sulfamethoxazole Respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, enteric infections, skin infections, coccidiosis Dog: 15–30 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: 15–30 mg/kg (PO BID) |
| Sulfamethazine Respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, enteric infections, skin infections, coccidiosis Dog: 55 mg/kg (PO once on day 1), then 27.5 mg/kg (PO SID for 4–5 days) Cat: 55 mg/kg (PO once on day 1), then 27.5 mg/kg (PO SID for 4–5 days) |
| Sulfisoxazole Urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, enteric infections, skin infections Dog: 15–30 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: 15–30 mg/kg (PO BID) |
| Ormetoprim + Sulfadimethoxine Skin infections, urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, enteric infections Dog: 15–30 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: Not recommended |
| Co-trimoxazole (Sulfamethoxazole + Trimethoprim) Urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, gastrointestinal infections, skin infections, Nocardia infections, coccidiosis Dog: 15–30 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: 15–30 mg/kg (PO BID) |
| Furazolidone Topical treatment of wounds, burns, and skin infections caused by susceptible bacteria Dog: Apply topically as directed by a veterinarian Cat: Apply topically as directed by a veterinarian |
| Silver Sulfadiazine Topical treatment of burns, wounds, and skin infections; effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria Dog: Apply topically once or twice daily Cat: Apply topically once or twice daily |
| Mupirocin Treatment of superficial pyoderma, wounds, and skin infections caused by susceptible Gram-positive bacteria Dog: Apply topically two to three times daily Cat: Apply topically two to three times daily |
| Chlorhexidine Antiseptic for skin disinfection, wound cleansing, and treatment of superficial infections Dog: Apply topically as a solution or ointment once or twice daily Cat: Apply topically as a solution or ointment once or twice daily |
| Povidone Iodine Antiseptic for skin disinfection, wound cleansing, and treatment of superficial infections Dog: Apply topically once or twice daily Cat: Apply topically once or twice daily (use with caution) |
| Gentamicin (Topical) Treatment of bacterial skin infections, wounds, and burns caused by susceptible organisms Dog: Apply topically two to three times daily Cat: Apply topically two to three times daily |
| Neomycin (Topical) Treatment of superficial skin infections, wounds, and burns caused by susceptible bacteria Dog: Apply topically two to three times daily Cat: Apply topically two to three times daily (monitor for sensitivity) |
| Polymyxin B (Topical) Treatment of superficial skin infections, wounds, and burns caused by susceptible Gram-negative bacteria Dog: Apply topically two to three times daily Cat: Apply topically two to three times daily (use with caution) |
| Bacitracin (Topical) Treatment of superficial skin infections, wounds, and burns caused by susceptible Gram-positive bacteria Dog: Apply topically two to three times daily Cat: Apply topically two to three times daily |
| Nitrofurazone Topical treatment of wounds, burns, ulcers, and skin infections caused by susceptible bacteria Dog: Apply topically once or twice daily Cat: Apply topically once or twice daily (use with caution) |
| Nitrofurantoin (Furadantin) Treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by susceptible Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria Dog: 4.4-5 mg/kg PO BID-TID Cat: 4.4 mg/kg PO BID-TID |
| Trimethoprim-Sulfadiazine (TMS, Tribrissen) Treatment of UTIs, respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and gastrointestinal infections Dog: 15-30 mg/kg PO BID Cat: 15-30 mg/kg PO BID (use with caution in cats long-term) |
| Cephalexin Treatment of UTIs, skin infections, soft tissue infections, and bone infections Dog: 22-30 mg/kg PO BID Cat: 22-30 mg/kg PO BID |
| Amoxicillin-Clavulanate (Clavamox) Treatment of UTIs, respiratory infections, soft tissue infections, and dental infections Dog: 12.5-25 mg/kg PO BID Cat: 62.5 mg per cat PO BID |
| Enrofloxacin (Baytril) Treatment of UTIs, skin infections, respiratory infections, and wound infections Dog: 5-20 mg/kg PO SID Cat: 5 mg/kg PO SID (use with caution – retinal toxicity risk) |
| Orbifloxacin Treatment of UTIs, soft tissue infections, and respiratory infections Dog: 2.5-7.5 mg/kg PO SID Cat: 2.5-5 mg/kg PO SID |
| Marbofloxacin Treatment of UTIs, skin infections, and respiratory infections Dog: 2.75-5.5 mg/kg PO SID Cat: 2.75-5.5 mg/kg PO SID |
| Chloramphenicol(Chloromycetin) Treatment of resistant UTIs, prostatitis, Bacterial infections, typhoid fever Dog: 50 mg/kg PO TID Cat: 25 mg/kg PO TID |
| Fosfomycin Treatment of multi-drug resistant urinary tract infections Dog: 20-40 mg/kg PO BID Cat: 20-40 mg/kg PO BID (limited feline data) |
| Tamsulosin Management of ureteral obstruction and lower urinary tract signs Dog: 0.01-0.04 mg/kg PO SID Cat: 0.01-0.04 mg/kg PO SID |
| Phenoxybenzamine Used in urethral sphincter hypertonicity and functional urethral obstruction Dog: 0.25-1 mg/kg PO BID Cat: 0.25-1 mg/kg PO BID |
| Acepromazine Used as a sedative and to manage urethral spasms in cats; mild hypotensive effects Dog: 0.01-0.05 mg/kg IV/IM/SC or PO SID-BID Cat: 0.01-0.05 mg/kg IV/IM/SC or PO SID-BID |
| Diltiazem(Cardizem) Management of hypertension, ureteral obstruction, and cardiac arrhythmias Dog: 1-3 mg/kg PO TID Cat: 0.5-1.5 mg/kg PO TID |
| Amlodipine(Amlosan tab:, Amlong tab:) First-line treatment for systemic hypertension Dog: 0.1-0.5 mg/kg PO SID Cat: 0.125-0.25 mg/kg PO SID |
| Terazosin Alternative alpha-1 blocker for urethral obstruction and hypertension Dog: 0.5-2 mg/dog PO SID-BID Cat: Rarely used; consult specialist |
| Prazosin HCl Treatment of functional urethral obstruction, urinary retention, and systemic hypertension Dog: 0.5-1 mg/kg PO BID-TID Cat: 0.25-0.5 mg/kg PO BID-TID. |
| Mannitol Used to treat cerebral edema, reduce intraocular pressure in acute glaucoma, and induce diuresis Dog: 0.25-1 g/kg IV over 15-30 minutes Cat: 0.25-0.5 g/kg IV over 15-30 minutes |
| Lactulose Used to treat hepatic encephalopathy and as a stool softener/laxative Dog: 0.5-2 mL/kg PO BID-TID Cat: 0.5-2 mL/kg PO BID-TID |
| Polyethylene Glycol 3350 (PEG 3350) Osmotic laxative used for constipation and colon cleansing Dog: 0.25-1 g/kg PO BID Cat: 1/8 to 1/4 tsp PO BID mixed with food |
| Magnesium Sulfate (Epsom Salt) Used as a cathartic and to reduce bowel transit time Dog: 250 mg/kg PO once Cat: 125-250 mg/kg PO once |
| Glycerin Reduces intraocular pressure in glaucoma; osmotic diuretic; mild laxative Dog: 1-2 g/kg PO as needed Cat: 1-2 g/kg PO as needed. |
| Nitroglycerin Used as a vasodilator for acute heart failure, pulmonary edema, and to reduce preload/afterload Dog: 2% ointment, 1/8 to 1 inch applied to inner pinna or hairless area q8-12h Cat: 2% ointment, 1/8 inch to inner pinna q12h. |
| Human Recombinant Growth Hormone (rhGH) Treatment of pituitary dwarfism and growth hormone–responsive alopecia Dog: 0.1 IU/kg SC three times per week Cat: 0.1 IU/kg SC three times per week (use with caution; monitor for adverse effects) |
| Capromorelin Management of weight loss and appetite stimulation in dogs and cats Dog: 3 mg/kg PO once daily Cat: 3 mg/kg PO once daily |
| Stanozolol Adjunct in the management of wasting diseases, stimulation of appetite, and promotion of weight gain Dog: 2 mg PO once daily Cat: 1 mg PO once daily (use with caution; potential for hepatotoxicity) |
| Porcine Growth Hormone (Porcine GH) Treatment of pituitary dwarfism, growth hormone–responsive alopecia, cachexia Dog: 0.1–0.5 IU/kg SC 3 times weekly Cat: Rarely used; consult specialist. |
| Misoprostol Management of gastric ulcers, especially those induced by NSAIDs; has vasodilatory and cytoprotective properties Dog: 2–5 µg/kg PO BID-TID Cat: 2–5 µg/kg PO BID-TID |
| Isoxsuprine Peripheral vasodilator used to improve blood flow in conditions like navicular disease; may be used off-label for certain vascular conditions Dog: 1–2 mg/kg PO BID-TID Cat: Not commonly used; consult specialist |
| Niacinamide Used in combination with tetracycline for treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune skin disorders Dog: 250–500 mg PO TID Cat: 125–250 mg PO TID |
| Propentofylline Used to improve cognitive function and peripheral blood flow in geriatric dogs; may aid in treating age-related behavioral changes and vascular dementia Dog: 6–10 mg/kg PO BID Cat: Not commonly used; consult specialist. |
| Neostigmine methylsulfate Used for the diagnosis and treatment of myasthenia gravis; reversal of neuromuscular blockade Dog: 0.02–0.04 mg/kg IM, IV, or SC BID-TID Cat: 0.02–0.04 mg/kg IM, IV, or SC BID-TID |
| Edrophonium chloride (Tensilon) Short-acting anticholinesterase used for diagnosis of myasthenia gravis (Tensilon test) Dog: 0.1–0.2 mg/kg IV (diagnostic use only) Cat: 0.1–0.2 mg/kg IV (diagnostic use only) |
| Physostigmine salicylate Reversal of CNS effects of anticholinergic toxicosis; occasionally used in neuromuscular disorders Dog: 0.01–0.05 mg/kg IV or IM slowly Cat: 0.01–0.05 mg/kg IV or IM slowly |
| Pyridostigmine bromide (Mestinon) Treatment of myasthenia gravis and other neuromuscular transmission disorders Dog: 1–3 mg/kg PO BID-TID Cat: 0.5–2 mg/kg PO BID-TID. |
| MiconaHex+Triz Shampoo Malassezia dermatitis, bacterial skin infections, ringworm Dog: Apply topically 2–3 times/week; leave on for 10 minutes before rinsing Cat: Same as dog; monitor for skin irritation |
| Ketochlor Shampoo Seborrheic dermatitis, Malassezia infections, pyoderma Dog: Apply topically 2–3 times/week; leave on for 5–10 minutes Cat: Same as dog; use with caution |
| Vetoquinol Sebozole Shampoo Seborrheic dermatitis, dermatophytosis, bacterial skin infections Dog: Apply topically 2–3 times/week; leave on for 5–10 minutes Cat: Same as dog; monitor closely |
| Pet MD Benzoyl Peroxide Shampoo Seborrheic dermatitis, folliculitis, mange, pyoderma Dog: Apply topically 2–3 times/week; leave on for 5–10 minutes Cat: Not typically recommended; risk of sensitivity |
| Selenium sulfide 1% solution Seborrheic dermatitis, Malassezia dermatitis, dermatophytosis Dog: Apply topically 2–3 times/week; lather and leave for 10 minutes before rinsing Cat: Use with caution; avoid ingestion during grooming. |
| Selenium (Basic Nutrition Tablet, SC Livopac Soft Gel) Selenium deficiency, nutritional muscular dystrophy, antioxidant support in liver disease and immune disorders Dog: 0.01–0.02 mg/kg/day (PO, depending on formulation) Cat: 0.01–0.02 mg/kg/day (PO, depending on formulation) |
| Sodium thiosulfate Cyanide poisoning , Plant poisoning. Arsenic toxicity, topical treatment of keratolytic disorders and calcinosis cutis Dog: 500–1000 mg/kg (IV for cyanide poisoning); 1–2% solution (topically BID) Cat: 500 mg/kg (IV); 1% solution (topically with caution) |
| Sodium nitrite injectable(Nithiodote) Cyanide poisoning. Cyanogenic glycoside plant poisoning.(used with sodium thiosulfate) Dog: 10–20 mg/kg (IV slowly over 5 minutes) Cat: 10 mg/kg (IV slowly with extreme caution) |
| Methylene blue Methemoglobinemia, cyanide poisoning adjunct, acetaminophen toxicity Dog: 1–2 mg/kg (IV slowly, single dose) Cat: Use only under specialist advice due to toxicity risk |
| Calcium disodium EDTA Lead poisoning, zinc toxicity Dog: 50 mg/kg/day (IV or IM divided BID x 3–5 days) Cat: 25–50 mg/kg/day (IV or IM) |
| Dimercaprol (BAL) Arsenic, mercury, gold, lead poisoning Dog: 3–5 mg/kg (IM q4–6h x 2 days, then q12h) Cat: 2.5–3 mg/kg (IM q8h) |
| 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)(Immunosuppressive) Antimetabolite used to treat carcinomas and topical skin tumors (topical or injectable) Dog: 150–250 mg/m² IV every 1–3 weeks (used with caution) Cat: Contraindicated due to severe neurotoxicity. |
| Cisplatin Carcinomas, osteosarcoma, transitional cell carcinoma (TCC); Note: Contraindicated in cats (fatal pulmonary edema) Dog: 50–70 mg/m² IV every 3 weeks (with diuresis) Cat: DO NOT USE (toxic) |
| Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) Lymphoma, hemangiosarcoma, osteosarcoma, thyroid carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, mammary carcinoma, leukemia Dog: 30 mg/m² IV every 3 weeks Cat: 1 mg/kg IV every 3 weeks (less commonly used due to risk of nephrotoxicity) |
| Lomustine (CCNU)(Immunosuppressive) Alkylating agent used for lymphoma, mast cell tumors, and brain tumors Dog: 50–90 mg/m² PO every 3–6 weeks Cat: 40–60 mg/m² PO every 6 weeks |
| Prednisone Allergic reactions, immune-mediated diseases, inflammatory conditions, asthma, inflammation, asthma, Lymphoma, leukemia, mast cell tumors, multiple myeloma, Addison’s disease Dog: 0.5–2 mg/kg (PO daily) Cat: 1–2 mg/kg (PO daily) |
| Streptozocin Islet cell tumors, insulinoma (pancreatic beta-cell carcinoma) Dog: 500 mg/m² (IV over 30–60 min every 2–3 weeks) Cat: Limited data; specialist consultation required. |
| Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) Feline aortic thromboembolism (FATE), thrombotic disorders Dog: 0.5–1 mg/kg (IV infusion over 1–2 hours) Cat: 0.25–1 mg/kg (IV infusion; caution — high hemorrhage risk) |
| Urokinase Pulmonary embolism, arterial thrombi Dog: 4,400 IU/kg bolus, then 4,400 IU/kg/hr (IV infusion) Cat: Not routinely used — limited data |
| Alteplase,Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) Acute thromboembolism (e.g., feline aortic thromboembolism), catheter-related thrombosis Dog: 0.25–1 mg/kg IV over 1–2 hours (limited use) Cat: 0.25–1 mg/kg IV over 1 hour (emergency use; high risk of reperfusion injury) |
| Heparin sodium (Heparin) Prevention/treatment of thrombosis, DIC, thromboembolic disease Dog: 100–300 U/kg (SC BID–TID or IV CRI) Cat: 50–150 U/kg (SC or IV infusion) |
| Enoxaparin (Lovenox) Pulmonary thromboembolism, aortic thromboembolism, DIC, hypercoagulability Dog: 0.8–1.0 mg/kg SC q6–8h Cat: 1.0–1.5 mg/kg SC q6–12h |
| Clopidogrel Prevention of thromboembolism, feline arterial thromboembolism (FATE), cardiac disease, IMHA Dog: 1–2 mg/kg (PO every 24 hr) Cat: 18.75 mg per cat (PO every 24 hr) |
| Acetylsalicylic acid(Aspirin,Aspilet tablet) Arterial thromboembolism, Anticoagulation therapy, Acquired platelet dysfunction , Glomerulonephritis , Antipyretic, Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory ocular effects , Musculoskeletal pain, Inflammation. Dog: 0.5 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: 8 mg/kg (PO) q 2-3 days |
| Streptokinase Arterial or venous thrombosis, thromboembolism Dog: 90,000–150,000 IU/kg (IV over 30–60 min) Cat: Not commonly used; use with caution due to bleeding risk. |
| Fentanyl Perioperative analgesia, intraoperative continuous infusion Dog: 2–5 µg/kg (IV bolus), then 2–10 µg/kg/hr (IV CRI) Cat: 2–5 µg/kg (IV bolus), then 1–5 µg/kg/hr (IV CRI) |
| Sufentanil Intense intraoperative analgesia, balanced anesthesia Dog: 0.5–2 µg/kg (IV bolus), then 0.5–1.5 µg/kg/hr (IV CRI) Cat: Rarely used; dosage extrapolated from dogs |
| Alfentanil Short surgical procedures, analgesia in critically ill patients Dog: 10–40 µg/kg (IV bolus), then 10–30 µg/kg/hr (IV CRI) Cat: Not commonly used; limited data |
| Hydromorphone Postoperative pain, Moderate to severe pain, pre-anesthetic Dog: 0.05–0.2 mg/kg (IM/IV/SC every 2–6 hr) Cat: 0.05–0.1 mg/kg (IM/IV every 4–6 hr) |
| Oxymorphone Moderate to severe pain, anesthesia adjunct Dog: 0.05–0.1 mg/kg (IV/IM every 4–6 hr) Cat: 0.05–0.1 mg/kg (IV/IM every 4–6 hr) |
| Methadone Analgesia, preanesthetic medication Dog: 0.1–0.5 mg/kg (IV/IM every 4–6 hr) Cat: 0.1–0.3 mg/kg (IV/IM every 4–6 hr) |
| Butorphanol (Torbugesic, Torbutrol) Mild to moderate visceral pain, sedation Dog: 0.2–0.4 mg/kg (IV/IM/SC every 2–6 hr) Cat: 0.2–0.4 mg/kg (IV/IM/SC every 4–6 hr) |
| Buprenorphine (Buprenex, Simbadol) Moderate pain, perioperative analgesia, postoperative analgesia Dog: 0.005–0.02 mg/kg (IV/IM/SC every 6–12 hours) Cat: 0.01–0.04 mg/kg (IV/IM/SC every 8–12 hours or 0.24 mg/kg SC once daily with Simbadol) |
| Remifentanil Short-term analgesia during surgery or mechanical ventilation Dog: 0.1–0.3 µg/kg/min (IV CRI) Cat: 0.05–0.2 µg/kg/min (IV CRI) |
| Samylin® (SAMe + Silybin + Vitamin E) Liver disease, hepatic lipidosis, chronic hepatitis, antioxidant support Dog: 100–400 mg SAMe + silybin + vitamin E (PO SID on empty stomach) Cat: 50–100 mg SAMe + silybin + vitamin E (PO SID on empty stomach) |
| Hepatosyl® Plus Liver support, hepatic detoxification, clotting factor support Dog: 100–400 mg SAMe + silybin + vitamin E + vitamin K (PO SID) Cat: 50–100 mg SAMe + silybin + vitamin E + vitamin K (PO SID) |
| Nutramarin®+ Liver detoxification, antioxidant support Dog: 100–400 mg SAMe + silybin + vitamin E (PO SID) Cat: 50–100 mg SAMe + silybin + vitamin E (PO SID) |
| Denestra® Liver support, joint health, cognitive function Dog: 100–400 mg SAMe (PO SID on empty stomach) Cat: 100 mg SAMe (PO SID on empty stomach) |
| S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe, Denosyl, Zentonil) Liver disease, cognitive dysfunction, osteoarthritis, antioxidant support Dog: 18–20 mg/kg (PO SID on empty stomach) Cat: 100 mg/cat (PO SID on empty stomach) |
| Hesperidin Capillary fragility, chronic venous insufficiency, lymphedema, adjunct in chylothorax Dog: 10–20 mg/kg (PO SID–BID) Cat: 5–10 mg/kg (PO SID–BID) |
| Diosmin Chronic venous insufficiency, lymphatic disorders, vascular support in chylothorax Dog: 10–20 mg/kg (PO SID–BID) Cat: 5–10 mg/kg (PO SID–BID) |
| Troxerutin Capillary permeability, edema, vasculitis, adjunct for chylothorax Dog: 10–25 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: 5–10 mg/kg (PO BID) |
| Bioflavonoid Complex (Hesperidin + Rutin + Vitamin C) Capillary fragility, hemorrhagic disorders, chylothorax support, antioxidant Dog: Based on formulation (PO SID–BID) Cat:Based on formulation (PO SID–BID) |
| Calcium Polysulfide (Sulfurated Lime Solution, LymDyp) Demodicosis, mange, dermatophytosis, lice, superficial pyoderma (adjunct) Dog: Dilute per label, apply topically once or twice weekly Cat: Use with caution due to grooming behavior; same protocol |
| Pyrethrins (Various Pyrethrin Topicals) Lice, fleas, ticks, ear mites Dog: Apply as per product label (shampoos, sprays, spot-ons) Cat: Use only feline-labeled products due to toxicity risk |
| Amorphous Silica (Diatomaceous Earth) Environmental flea control, lice; adjunct treatment Dog: Dust into coat and bedding carefully Cat: Use cautiously to avoid inhalation; not typically recommended |
| Spinosyn A & D (Spinosad Topical) Flea infestations, lice Dog: Spot-on monthly (dose varies by product) Cat: Spot-on monthly; use feline-approved formulations only |
| Rotenone (Rotenone Ointment) Lice, mites (including ear mites), localized mange Dog: Apply topically to affected areas once or twice daily Cat: Apply with caution; avoid ingestion during grooming. |
| Misoprostol (Cytotec) NSAID-induced gastric ulcers, gastritis, mucosal injury prevention Dog: 2–5 µg/kg (PO q6–8h) Cat: Use with caution; consult veterinarian for dosing |
| Pantoprazole (Protonix) Severe gastric ulcers, erosive esophagitis, NSAID-induced ulcers Dog: 0.7–1 mg/kg (IV or PO q12–24h) Cat: 0.7–1 mg/kg (IV or PO q12–24h) |
| Esomeprazole (Nexium) Gastric ulcers, esophagitis, acid-related disorders Dog: 0.5–1.5 mg/kg (PO SID) Cat: 0.5–1.5 mg/kg (PO SID) |
| Famotidine (Pepcid, Famodin) Esophagitis, Gastric ulcers, uremic gastritis, helicobacteriosis, Gastric acid reduction, gastritis Dog: 0.5-1 mg/kg (PO SID-BID) Cat: 0.5 mg/kg (PO SID) |
| Cimetidine(H2-receptor antagonists) Gastric and duodenal ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux, gastritis, esophagitis, Zollinger–Ellison syndrome, mast cell tumors (adjunct), acid reflux associated with anesthesia Dog: 5–10 mg/kg (PO, IV, or IM TID–QID) Cat: 5–10 mg/kg (PO, IV, or IM TID–QID) |
| Ranitidine , H2-receptor antagonists: (Ranitin 150 tablet, Xantid Inj:) Esophagitis, gastric reflux, GI tract ulceration, chronic gastritis, megacolon. Dog : 2 mg/kg (PO, SC, IV q12h); use low end of range if renal azotemia present. Cat: 2 mg/kg (PO, SC, IV q12h); use low end of range if renal azotemia present. |
| Aluminum Hydroxide (Amphojel) Phosphate binder in renal failure, antacid for gastric ulcers Dog: 50–100 mg/kg (PO q8–12h) Cat: 50–100 mg/kg (PO q8–12h) |
| Magnesium Hydroxide (Milk of Magnesia) Antacid, laxative, treatment for hyperphosphatemia Dog: 5–30 ml (PO SID) Cat: 5–15 ml (PO SID) |
| Sucralfate (Carafate) Gastric ulcers, esophagitis, gastritis, oral ulcers Dog: 0.5–1 g (PO q8–12h before meals) Cat: 0.25–0.5 g (PO q8–12h before meals) |
| CystoPro (Protexin) Urinary tract infections, bladder inflammation, recurrent UTIs Dog: 1 capsule daily (PO); dosage varies by weight Cat: 1 capsule daily (PO); dosage varies by weight |
| ProHepatic Liver support, hepatic disorders, oxidative stress Dog: 1 tablet daily (PO); dosage varies by weight Cat: 1 tablet daily (PO); dosage varies by weight |
| Antiox-10 Immune support, oxidative stress, skin health Dog: 1 capsule daily (PO); dosage varies by weight Cat: 1 capsule daily (PO); dosage varies by weight |
| ProAnimal General antioxidant support, immune system enhancement Dog: ½–3 tablets daily (PO); dosage varies by weight Cat: ½–1 tablet daily (PO); dosage varies by weight |
| Proanthozone Antioxidant support, inflammation, immune health, skin and joint health Dog: 1–2 mg/lb daily (PO) Cat: 1 mg/lb daily (PO) |
| Zafirlukast (Accolate) Feline asthma, canine atopic dermatitis, allergic airway inflammation Dog: 0.15–0.2 mg/kg orally once daily Cat: 1–2 mg/kg orally every 12 hours |
| Grapiprant (Galliprant) Osteoarthritis-related pain and inflammation Dog: 2 mg/kg orally once daily Cat: Not approved; safety and efficacy not established |
| Oclacitinib (Apoquel) Canine atopic dermatitis, pruritus associated with allergic dermatitis Dog: 0.4–0.6 mg/kg orally twice daily for up to 14 days, then once daily Cat: Use with caution; consult veterinarian for dosing |
| Fenleuton (Lofrin) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in horses; potential use in veterinary respiratory diseases Dog: Dosage not well established; consult veterinarian Cat: Not commonly used; consult veterinarian |
| Pranlukast Experimental use in gastrointestinal motility disorders Dog: Dosage not well established; consult veterinarian Cat: Not commonly used; consult veterinarian |
| Montelukast Sodium (Singulair) Allergic bronchitis, feline asthma, atopic dermatitis (off-label use) Dog: 0.1–0.2 mg/kg (PO SID) Cat: 0.5–1 mg/kg (PO SID); use with caution, consult veterinarian. |
| Fluralaner (Bravecto) Fleas, ticks (black-legged, American dog, brown dog, lone star), sarcoptic mange (off-label), Demodex (off-label) Dog: 25–56 mg/kg (PO or topical every 12 weeks) Cat: 40–95 mg/kg (topical every 12 weeks) |
| Sarolaner (Simparica) Fleas, ticks (lone star, Gulf Coast, American dog, black-legged, brown dog), sarcoptic mange, Demodex (off-label) Dog: 2–4 mg/kg (PO monthly) Cat: Not approved; consult veterinarian |
| Lotilaner (Credelio) Fleas, ticks (lone star, American dog, black-legged, brown dog), Demodex (off-label) Dog: 20–40 mg/kg (PO monthly) Cat: 6–24 mg/kg (PO monthly) |
| Selamectin + Sarolaner (Revolution Plus) Fleas, ticks, ear mites, heartworm prevention, roundworms, hookworms Dog: Not approved; consult veterinarian Cat: 6 mg/kg selamectin + 1 mg/kg sarolaner (topical monthly) |
| Afoxolaner (NexGard) Fleas, ticks (black-legged, American dog, brown dog, lone star); off-label for Demodex and Sarcoptes Dog: 2.5 mg/kg (PO monthly) Cat: Not approved; safety not established. |
| Esafoxolaner + Eprinomectin + Praziquantel (NexGard Combo) Fleas, ticks, ear mites, heartworm prevention, tapeworms, roundworms Dog: Not approved; consult veterinarian Cat: Topical monthly; dosage based on weight. |
| Nitroglycerin (Nitro-Bid, Rectiv) Acute heart failure, pulmonary edema, hypertensive crisis Dog: 4–12 mg topically every 12 hours; max 15 mg/dose for 1–2 days Cat: 2–4 mg topically every 6–8 hours for 1–2 days; apply to hairless area with gloves |
| Hydralazine Systemic hypertension, mitral regurgitation, acute heart failure Dog: 0.5–2 mg/kg orally every 8–12 hours; titrate to effect Cat: 0.2–0.5 mg/cat subcutaneously; repeat after 15 minutes if needed |
| Amlodipine (Norvasc) Systemic hypertension, afterload reduction in heart failure Dog: 0.1–0.2 mg/kg orally every 12 hours or 0.2–0.4 mg/kg every 24 hours Cat: 0.125–0.25 mg/kg orally every 24 hours; monitor blood pressure regularly |
| Enalapril (Enacard, Vasotec) Congestive heart failure, systemic hypertension, protein-losing nephropathy Dog: 0.5 mg/kg orally every 12–24 hours Cat: 0.25–0.5 mg/kg orally once daily; monitor renal function and electrolytes |
| Telmisartan (Micardis) Systemic hypertension, proteinuria, chronic kidney disease Dog: 1–2 mg/kg orally once daily Cat: 1.5 mg/kg orally every 12 hours for 14 days, then 2 mg/kg once daily; monitor blood pressure and renal parameters |
| Pimobendan (Vetmedin) Congestive heart failure, dilated cardiomyopathy, mitral valve disease Dog: 0.2–0.6 mg/kg orally every 12 hours; administer on an empty stomach Cat: 0.1–0.3 mg/kg orally every 12 hours; use cautiously, monitor for arrhythmias |
| Sodium Nitroprusside (Nitropress) Acute hypertension, congestive heart failure, controlled hypotension during anesthesia Dog: 1–10 µg/kg/min IV infusion; monitor blood pressure continuously Cat: 0.5–5 µg/kg/min IV infusion; use with extreme caution, monitor for hypotension and cyanide toxicity.ppp |
A serious condition that requires prompt veterinary attention. Cardiomyopathy. Myocardial Infarction.(Heart attack) Electrolyte Imbalances. Drug Toxicity. Underlying Heart Disease.(Valvular disease or congenital heart defects) |
| Methazolamide (Neptazane) Glaucoma Dog: 3 mg/kg (PO BID)-TID Cat: 1.5 mg/kg (PO BID |
| Hypoadrenocorticism Prednisolone , Deoxycorticosterone pivalate , Methylprednisolone acetate (Depo-Medrol) , Fludrocortisone acetate(Florinef) |
| Thiamine HCl (Neurobion tab:, Vitamin B1 tab: , Vitamin B1 Inj:) Anorexic cats , Adjunctive therapy for seizures , Thiamine deficiency, Malabsorption. Dog: 10 mg/kg (PO SC, IM SID) for 3 days Cat: 10-20 mg (PO IM SID) |
| Potassium (K+) Kidney disease , Addison’s disease , Dehydration , kidney obstruction Increased in: Kidney disease , kidney obstruction. Decreased in: Diarrhea , Vomiting. |
| Potassium chloride inj: Hypokalemia, Humane euthanasia , Severe electrolyte loss, Feline hypokalemic polymyopathy. Dog: 20 mEq/L of crystalloid soln; not to exceed 0.5 mEq/kg/hr (IV) Cat: 0.4 mEq/kg/hr (IV) in lactated Ringer’s soln; reduce dose when serum potassium is over 3.5 mEq/L |
| Ivermectin sensitive dog breeds Australian Shepherd , Border Collie , Collie , German Shepherd Dog , Miniature American Shepherd Old English Sheepdog , Shetland Sheepdog , Skye Terrier , Mixed-breeds that may have herding-breed heritage |
| Albuterol (Ventolin)aerosolized inhaler Sympathomimetics drug, Bronchodilator, Sinus bradycardia. Dog: 0.02-0.05 mg/kg (PO BID)-TID Cat: (a) 90 mg per inhalation q 30 min for up to 4-6 hr via metered dose inhaler, then (SID-QID) (b) 0.5 mL of 2.5 mg/3 mL soln in 3.5 mL saline by delivered nebulization via face mask (SID-QID) |
| Allopurinol (Allopurinol tab:) Ammonium urate urolithiasis, Calcium oxalate urolithiasis, Leishmaniasis , Uric acid uroliths. Dog: 12 mg/kg (PO BID) × 4 wk, then SID Cat: 9 mg/kg (PO SID) × 4 wk; Use with caution. |
| Amantadine (Symmetrel) Analgesic Dog: 3-4 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: 3 mg/kg (PO SID) |
| Aminophylline (Amino tab: , Phyllocontin) Bronchodilator Dog: 6 to 11 mg/kg PO TID, 6-11 mg/kg (IV), IM, (PO TID) Cat: 4 to 150 U/kg (PO BID), 150 U/kg (IV)TID , Use caution with IV administration. |
| Ammonium chloride(Flemin Expectorant,NH4Cl) Strychnine toxicoses , ephedrine toxicoses , Pseudoephedrine toxicoses , Urine acidification. Dog: 50 mg/kg (PO QID) Cat: 20 mg/kg (PO BID) |
| Betamethasone 0.14% cream Cutaneous or discoid lupus erythematosus, Pemphigus erythematosus, Episcleritis, severe pannus. Dog: Apply topically initially BID × 5-7 days, then taper Cat: - - - |
| Chondroitin sulfate(Triflex Cap:, Glucosamine Chondroitin tab:) Canine hip dysplasia, osteoarthritis , Corneal erosions. Dog: 8.8 mg/kg (PO SID), with glucosamine hydrochloride. applied to affected eye (BID-QID) Cat: - - - |
| Codeine (guaifenesin with codeine) Codeine (guaifenesin with codeine) , Cough suppressant. Dog : 1.5 mg/kg (PO BID)-QID Cat: |
| Cyanocobalamin(Vitamin B12 Inj: , Neurofort tab:) Cobalamin malabsorption , Dietary supplement, B12 deficiency. Dog: 250 mg (SC, IM) weekly or 1 mg (SC) every 2 weeks for 2 months. Cat: 250 ×g SC q 7 days × 6 wk, then q 14 days × 6 wk, then q 28 days. |
| Albendazole (Bendoz-400 tablet, Albenz) Giardiasis. Dog: 25 mg/kg (PO BID) for 2 days (Use with caution, because it can cause bone marrow suppression) Cat: Do not use. |
| Fenbendazole (Panacur) Paragonimus kellicotti, Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, Oslerus osleri , Strongyloides spp. , Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, Balantidium coli , Ascarids , hookworms, whipworms, Pancreatic fluke, Euryterma procyonis, Mesocestoides spp , Renal parasite, Capillaria felis. Dog: 50 mg/kg (PO SID) 3 days; repeat in 3 wk and possibly 3 mo later. Cat: 22 mg/kg (PO BID)× 3-10 days. |
| Folic acid (Folic Acid tablet , Folate) Dietary supplement, folate deficiency. Dog: 3 mg (PO, SC) weekly for 1 month Cat: |
| Flucytosine (Ancobon) Cryptococcosis Dog: (a) 35 mg/kg/kg (PO) QID (b) 60 mg/kg (PO) TID Cat: (a) 100 mg PO QID (b) 30 mg/kg (PO) QID (c) 50 mg/kg (PO) TID |
| Iodine Stabilization prior to feline hyperthyroidism surgery. Dog: - - - Cat: 30-100 mg (PO SID) or BID Use in combination with b-adrenergic blocking agent 10-14 days before surgery. |
| Itraconazole (Itraconazole cap:) Systemic mycotic and algal infections. Histoplasmosis , Mycotic stomatitis, Mycotic gingivitis, Mycotic glossitis; gastric pythiosis, Fungal cystitis, Malassezia spp. Otitis and Dermatitis , candidiasis , Dermatophytosis. Dog: 10 mg/kg (PO SID) for 9 to 12 months. Cat: 8mg/kg (PO SID) for 9 to 12 months. |
| Ketotifen fumarate 0.025%(Ketof tablet , Prosma Eye Drops) Conjunctivitis. Dog : Apply soln to the affected eye BID-TID Cat: |
| Lime Sulfur Suspension Treatment of dermatophytosis (ringworm), mange (Demodex, Sarcoptes, Notoedres), lice infestations, and other ectoparasitic and fungal skin infections Dog: Dilute to 2%-4% and apply topically as rinse or dip once or twice weekly Cat: Same as for dogs; avoid ingestion during grooming—use Elizabethan collar if needed |
| Lysine-8 Vasopressin (Lypressin) Central diabetes insipidus (rarely used; replaced by desmopressin in most cases) Dog: 5–10 IU per dog (conjunctival sac or intranasal, BID-TID; dose individualized) Cat: 1–5 IU per cat (conjunctival sac or intranasal, BID-TID; dose individualized) |
| Meglumine antimonate(Glucantime) Leishmaniasis Dog: (a) 35 mg/kg (SC BID) (b) 250 mg/kg (IV) QOD (c) 75 mg/kg SC BID, with allopurinol. Cat: - - - |
| Melatonin Anxiety, sleep disorders, alopecia (seasonal flank alopecia), cognitive dysfunction syndrome Dog: 3–6 mg orally every 8–24 hours, depending on size and condition Cat: 1–3 mg orally every 12–24 hours |
| Tiopronin (Thiola) Cystinuria, prevention of cystine urolithiasis Dog: 15–40 mg/kg orally every 12 hours Cat: Rarely used; consult veterinarian |
| Nitenpyran (Capstar) Flea adulticide. Dog: 11.5-57 kg: 57.0 mg Cat: 1-11.4 kg: 11.4 mg |
| Omega-6, Omega-3 fatty acid supplements.
Atopic dermatitis , Immune-mediated diseases, symmetrical lupoid onychodystrophy. Dog: 1 capsule per 10 kg (PO SID) Cat: - - - |
| Oxybutynin chloride (Ditropan) Urinary incontinence, detrusor overactivity, neurogenic bladder Dog: 0.2–0.4 mg/kg orally every 8–12 hours (off-label use) Cat: Use rarely; consult veterinarian for specific dosing due to potential anticholinergic side effects |
| Hemopure (Hemoglobin Glutamer-250 [Bovine]) Acute anemia, surgical blood loss, oxygen delivery support when compatible blood is unavailable Dog: 10–30 ml/kg IV infusion; adjust based on clinical response Cat: Use with caution; limited data available; consult veterinarian for dosing |
| Pancreatin (Viokase, Pancrezyme) Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), maldigestion Dog: 1 tsp/10 kg mixed with food before feeding (or as directed) Cat: 1/4–1/2 tsp per meal mixed with food before feeding |
| Lipase Fat malabsorption, EPI Dog: Part of combined pancreatic enzyme supplementation Cat: Included in pancreatic enzyme formulas for digestion support |
| Amylase Carbohydrate digestion support in EPI Dog: Delivered as part of pancreatic enzyme blends Cat: Typically combined with lipase and protease |
| Protease Protein digestion aid in EPI and pancreatic dysfunction Dog: Administered within enzyme replacement therapy Cat: Commonly included with lipase and amylase for full support |
| Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) Cobalamin deficiency associated with EPI, malabsorption Dog: 250–1500 µg SC weekly, depending on size and serum levels Cat: 250 µg SC weekly for 6 weeks, then taper per vet instructions |
| Acid-resistant Enzyme Capsules Alternative to powdered pancreatic enzymes for better palatability Dog: Enteric-coated capsule dosed by weight and severity of EPI Cat: May be used when powdered enzymes are refused |
| Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycans (Adequan) Degenerative joint disease, osteoarthritis, intervertebral disc disease Dog: 2 mg/lb IM twice weekly for up to 4 weeks Cat: Extra-label use; consult veterinarian for dosing |
| Glucosamine Hydrochloride Osteoarthritis, joint degeneration, cartilage maintenance Dog: 15–30 mg/kg PO daily Cat: 10–20 mg/kg PO daily |
| Chondroitin Sulfate Joint disease, cartilage support, osteoarthritis Dog: 5–15 mg/kg PO daily Cat: 5–15 mg/kg PO daily |
| Hyaluronic Acid Joint lubrication, osteoarthritis, synovial fluid support Dog: Injectable or oral forms; dosage varies by product Cat: Oral joint supplements; consult veterinarian for dosage |
| Omega-3 Fatty Acids (EPA/DHA) Anti-inflammatory support in osteoarthritis, kidney disease, skin conditions Dog: 50–220 mg/kg/day (EPA + DHA combined) Cat: 30–50 mg/kg/day (EPA + DHA combined) |
| N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine (NAG) Bladder lining support, interstitial cystitis, arthritis Dog: 250–500 mg PO once or twice daily Cat: 125–250 mg PO once or twice daily |
| Green-Lipped Mussel Extract (Perna canaliculus) Anti-inflammatory, joint health, cartilage protection Dog: 50–100 mg/kg PO daily Cat: 100–250 mg/cat PO daily |
| MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane) Joint inflammation, pain relief, antioxidant support Dog: 50–100 mg/kg PO daily Cat: 50–100 mg/kg PO daily |
| Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium (Cartrophen Vet, Elmiron) Osteoarthritis, degenerative joint disease, interstitial cystitis Dog: 3 mg/kg SC once weekly for 4 weeks (repeat as needed) Cat: Extra-label use for feline idiopathic cystitis; consult veterinarian for dosing |
| Propentofylline (Vivitonin) Cognitive dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease, age-related behavioral changes Dog: 6–10 mg/kg PO BID Cat: Not commonly used; consult veterinarian for alternative treatments |
| Theophylline Bronchitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), vasculitis Dog: 10–20 mg/kg PO BID Cat: 5–10 mg/kg PO BID; monitor for side effects |
| Sildenafil (Viagra) Pulmonary hypertension, heart failure, vascular disorders Dog: 1–2 mg/kg PO TID Cat: 0.25–1 mg/kg PO TID; use with caution |
| Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Autoimmune skin diseases, vasculitis, discoid lupus erythematosus Dog: 250–500 mg PO TID Cat: 125–250 mg PO TID; monitor for gastrointestinal upset |
| Omega-3 Fatty Acids (EPA/DHA) Inflammatory skin conditions, cardiovascular health, renal disease Dog: 50–220 mg/kg/day (EPA + DHA combined) Cat: 30–50 mg/kg/day (EPA + DHA combined) |
| Pentoxifylline (Trental) Vasculitis, dermatomyositis, ear margin vasculitis, lupus panniculitis, ulcerative skin diseases, and other immune-mediated vasculopathies Dog: 10–25 mg/kg PO BID-TID Cat: 5–15 mg/kg PO BID (limited data; use with caution) |
| Glucosamine Hydrochloride Osteoarthritis, degenerative joint disease, cartilage repair, joint pain Dog: 15–30 mg/kg PO daily Cat: 10–20 mg/kg PO daily |
| Chondroitin Sulfate Joint disease, cartilage support, osteoarthritis Dog: 5–15 mg/kg PO daily Cat: 5–15 mg/kg PO daily |
| Hyaluronic Acid Joint lubrication, osteoarthritis, synovial fluid support Dog: Injectable or oral forms; dosage varies by product Cat: Oral joint supplements; consult veterinarian for dosage |
| Omega-3 Fatty Acids (EPA/DHA) Anti-inflammatory support in osteoarthritis, kidney disease, skin conditions Dog: 50–220 mg/kg/day (EPA + DHA combined) Cat: 30–50 mg/kg/day (EPA + DHA combined) |
| Green-Lipped Mussel Extract (Perna canaliculus) Anti-inflammatory, joint health, cartilage protection Dog: 50–100 mg/kg PO daily Cat: 100–250 mg/cat PO daily |
| MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane) Joint inflammation, pain relief, antioxidant support Dog: 50–100 mg/kg PO daily Cat: 50–100 mg/kg PO daily |
| Hydrolyzed Collagen Joint health, cartilage support, connective tissue repair Dog: 75–150 mg/kg PO daily Cat: 50–100 mg/kg PO daily |
| Potassium bromide Seizures. Refractory epilepsy Dog: 400 mg/kg PO divided into six equal doses Cat: Do not use or Use with caution. |
| Potassium citrate 0.1%-1% soln: Hypokalemia, Metabolic acidosis. Urine alkalization. Dog: 60 mg/kg (PO BID) Cat: 40-75 mg/kg (PO BID) |
| Potassium gluconate (Tumil-K) Hypokalemia. Feline hypokalemic polymyopathy. Dog: - - - Cat: 0.45 mEq/kg/day PO , Maintenance dose: 2-6 mEq (PO SID)-BID |
| Potassium iodide((Natocare Plus, Biovit-M , Cliden eyedrop) Stabilization before feline hyperthyroidism surgery, Sporotrichosis , skin antiseptic. Dog: - - - Cat: 30-100 mg (PO SID) or dd BID, with b-adrenergic blocking |
| Potassium phosphate (Potassium phosphate injection) Hypophosphatemia. Dog: 0.1%-1% soln: 0.01-0.03 mmol/kg/hr (IV); max = 0.06 mmol/kg/hr Cat: - - - |
| Sodium bicarbonate Hypercalcemic crisis. Urine alkalinization. Certain toxicoses. Shock , Metabolic acidosis , Cardiopulmonary arrest , Hyperkalemia. Dog: ddd Cat: - - - |
| Sodium stibogluconate(Pentostam) Leishmaniasis. Dog: 40 mg/kg (SC) SID × 3-4 wk, with allopurinol. Cat: - - - |
| Carprofen (Rimadyl, Novox) Osteoarthritis, postoperative pain, musculoskeletal inflammation Dog: 2.2 mg/kg PO BID or 4.4 mg/kg PO SID Cat: Not commonly used; consult veterinarian for alternatives |
| Meloxicam (Metacam) Osteoarthritis, postoperative pain, inflammation Dog: 0.2 mg/kg PO or SC on day 1, then 0.1 mg/kg PO SID Cat: 0.05 mg/kg SC once; oral use requires veterinary guidance |
| Deracoxib (Deramaxx) Osteoarthritis, postoperative pain Dog: 1–2 mg/kg PO SID for chronic pain; 3–4 mg/kg PO SID for up to 7 days for postoperative pain Cat: Not approved; consult veterinarian for alternatives |
| Firocoxib (Previcox) Osteoarthritis, postoperative pain Dog: 5 mg/kg PO SID Cat: Not commonly used; consult veterinarian for alternatives |
| Grapiprant (Galliprant) Osteoarthritis pain and inflammation Dog: 2 mg/kg PO SID Cat: Not approved; consult veterinarian for alternatives |
| Ketoprofen Musculoskeletal pain, inflammation, postoperative pain Dog: 1 mg/kg PO, IV, or SC SID Cat: 1 mg/kg SC SID for up to 3 days; use with caution |
| Tolfenamic Acid Musculoskeletal pain, inflammation, upper respiratory tract disease Dog: 4 mg/kg PO SID Cat: 4 mg/kg PO SID; use under veterinary supervision |
| Vedaprofen (Quadrisol) Musculoskeletal disorders, soft tissue injuries Dog: 1 mg/kg PO BID Cat: Not commonly used; consult veterinarian for alternatives |
| Tepoxalin (Zubrin) Osteoarthritis, inflammation Dog: 10–20 mg/kg PO SID Cat: 5–10 mg/kg PO SID for up to 3 days; use with caution |
| Suprofen Postoperative pain, inflammation (mainly ophthalmic use) Dog: Primarily used as ophthalmic drops; 1 drop in affected eye every 6–12 hours Cat: Use with caution; ophthalmic use only under veterinary supervision |
| Terbinafine (Fungicide)Terbitin cream , Terbaris cream , Terbisil tablet
Gastric pythiosis , Oomycosis. Malassezia spp. Dermatitis. Dog: 20 mg/kg (PO SID) Cat: - - |
| Terbutaline (Cosome A Oral Solution , Brethine) Sinus bradycardia , Bronchodilator Dog: 3 mg (PO BID-TID) (or) 0.01 mg/kg (SC, IM BID-QID) Cat: 0.625-1.25 mg (PO BID) (or) 0.01 mg/kg (SC, IM BID-QID) |
| Testosterone Propionate Hypogonadism, refractory incontinence, cachexia (rare/off-label) Dog: 1–2 mg/kg IM every 2–3 days (off-label; veterinary supervision required) Cat: Not recommended due to toxicity and side effects |
| Lymphocyte T-Cell Immunomodulator (LTCI) Feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), canine osteoarthritis Dog: 50 µg/kg SC once weekly for 4 weeks, then monthly Cat: 50 µg/kg SC once weekly for 4 weeks, then monthly |
| Cyclosporine (Atopica) Atopic dermatitis, immune-mediated diseases (e.g., IMHA, IBD) Dog: 5 mg/kg PO SID Cat: 7 mg/kg PO SID |
| Polyprenyl Immunostimulant (VetImmune) Feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) infections Dog: Not commonly used; consult veterinarian for alternatives Cat: 0.5 mg/kg PO BID for 15 days |
| Propionibacterium acnes Immunostimulant (Eqstim) Recurrent infections, immunosuppression Dog: 0.25–2 mL IV once or twice weekly Cat: Not commonly used; consult veterinarian for alternatives |
| Staphage Lysate Recurrent staphylococcal infections, pyoderma Dog: 0.5 mL SC twice weekly or 1 mL SC weekly Cat: Not commonly used; consult veterinarian for alternatives |
| Lactoferrin Chronic gingivostomatitis, immune support Dog: 40 mg/kg PO SID Cat: 40 mg/kg PO SID |
| Thymosin (Thymosin Alpha-1) Immune system modulation, chronic viral infections (e.g., FeLV, FIV), immunodeficiency Dog: Experimental; consult veterinarian for dosing and indication Cat: 1.6 mg/m² SC 2–3 times weekly (investigational use only) |
| Antipseudomonal Penicillins Piperacillin, Azlocillin and Ticarcillin Dog: - - Cat: - - |
| Ticarcillin/clavulanate (Timentin) Antipseudomonal Penicillins Acute endocarditis, bartonellosis , Septicemia, endotoxemia, acute abdomen syndrome , Feline acute cholangiohepatitis. Dog: 50 mg/kg (IV QID), with amikacin. Cat: 33-50 mg/kg (IV QID) |
| Triamcinolone (GENERLOG oral paste:, SIVKORT inj:)
Flea allergic, atopic and acute moist dermatitides , Severe canine acne, Feline immune-mediated cutaneous diseases, Plasma cell pododermatitis, Eosinophilic granuloma complex , Appetite stimulant , Pannus, Feline eosinophilic keratitis, Anterior uveitis, Episcleritis. Dog: 0.2 mg/kg (PO SID), then quickly taper to 0.03 mg/kg (PO SID) , Apply 4-8 mg subconjunctivally to affected eye. Cat:Apply topically SID × 7 days, then (QOD) or 0.5 mg/kg (PO SID), then taper. |
| D-Penicillamine (Cuprimine®, Depen®) Copper-associated hepatopathy, lead poisoning, cystinuria Dog: 10–15 mg/kg PO q12h on an empty stomach Cat: 15 mg/kg PO q6–8h for 1 week; then 5 mg/kg PO q6–8h if needed |
| Zinc Salts (Zinc Acetate, Zinc Gluconate) Copper-associated hepatopathy (maintenance therapy) Dog: 10 mg/kg elemental zinc PO q12h; or 100 mg elemental zinc PO q12h for large breeds Cat: Use with caution; consult veterinarian for dosing |
| Calcium Disodium EDTA (CaEDTA) Lead poisoning, zinc poisoning Dog: 50 mg/kg IM q12h for 5 days Cat: 50 mg/kg IM q12h for 5 days; monitor renal function |
| Tetrathiomolybdate Copper-associated hepatopathy (investigational use) Dog: Not commonly used; consult veterinarian for alternatives Cat: Not commonly used; consult veterinarian for alternatives |
| Trientine (Syprine) Copper-associated hepatopathy (off-label) Dog: 10–15 mg/kg PO q12h on empty stomach; monitor liver enzymes and copper levels Cat: Limited data; use only under veterinary supervision |
| Fluorescein Sodium Corneal ulcer detection, nasolacrimal duct patency, ocular surface integrity Dog: 1–2 drops of 0.5–1% solution topically to the eye Cat: 1–2 drops of 0.5–1% solution topically to the eye |
| Rose Bengal Detection of devitalized or damaged epithelial cells, keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) Dog: 1–2 drops of 1% solution topically to the eye Cat: 1–2 drops of 1% solution topically to the eye |
| Lissamine Green Conjunctival and corneal epithelial cell staining, dry eye diagnosis Dog: 1–2 drops of 1% solution topically to the eye Cat: 1–2 drops of 1% solution topically to the eye |
| Indocyanine Green Retinal angiography, intraocular surgery visualization Dog: Inject 0.5–1.0 mg/kg IV for angiography; topical use as directed by specialist Cat: Inject 0.5–1.0 mg/kg IV for angiography; use with veterinary ophthalmologist guidance |
| Metformin (Glucophage®) Type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance Dog: 10–20 mg/kg PO q12h with food; use with caution, monitor for gastrointestinal side effects Cat: 5–10 mg/kg PO q12h; off-label use, monitor for efficacy and side effects |
| Acarbose (Precose®) Postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus Dog: 12.5–25 mg PO with each meal; adjust based on response Cat: 12.5–25 mg PO with each meal; monitor for gastrointestinal side effects |
| Chromium Picolinate Adjunctive therapy for insulin resistance Dog: 100–200 mcg PO q24h; efficacy varies, monitor blood glucose levels Cat: 50–100 mcg PO q24h; limited data, use under veterinary supervision |
| Troglitazone Insulin sensitizer for type 2 diabetes mellitus Dog: 3–6 mg/kg PO q24h; limited veterinary use, monitor liver function Cat: 3–6 mg/kg PO q24h; off-label use, monitor for adverse effects |
| Vanadium Experimental support for glucose metabolism; insulin-mimetic action in diabetes mellitus Dog: Not routinely used; investigational only Cat: Not recommended; consult veterinary endocrinologist if considered |
| Hyperimmune plasma (from recovered dogs) Canine herpesvirus protection in puppies, canine parvovirus. Dog : (a) 1-2 mL IP (b) 1.1-2.2 mL/kg (IV) slowly. Cat: |
| Vitamin A (Vitamin A & D Cap: , Fish Liver Oil Cap:) Dietary supplement , Severe feline acne , Vitamin A–responsive dermatitis, Primary seborrhea. Dog: 10,000 IU (PO SID) × 8-10 wk, with fatty meal. Cat: 8000 IU (PO SID) |
| Vitamin K1 Vitamin K deficiency, Vitamin K–dependent multifactor coagulopathy , Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicosis. Dog: 2 mg/kg (PO SID) Cat: - - - |
| Zinc acetate or gluconate Canine chronic hepatitis/cirrhosis, Copper storage hepatopathies, Hepatocutaneous syndrome, Hepatic encephalopathy, Zinc-responsive dermatoses. Dog: (a) 8 mg/kg (PO SID )of elemental zinc 1 hr before or 2 hr after a meal (b) Medium- and large-breed dogs: 50-100 mg SID (c)5 mg/kg (PO SID) Cat: - - |
| Zinc Sulfate Zinc-responsive dermatosis, zinc deficiency, skin ulcerations, immune support Dog: 5–10 mg/kg elemental zinc PO SID (give with food to reduce GI upset) Cat: 2–5 mg/kg elemental zinc PO SID; use under veterinary guidance to avoid toxicity |
| Zinc Methionine Zinc-responsive dermatosis, zinc deficiency, keratinization disorders Dog: 1.7 mg/kg elemental zinc PO SID; often better tolerated than zinc sulfate Cat: 1.7 mg/kg elemental zinc PO SID; monitor for gastrointestinal tolerance |
| Zinc Gluconate Zinc-responsive dermatosis, alopecia, immune support Dog: 1.5–2 mg/kg elemental zinc PO SID; less irritating to the stomach than zinc sulfate Cat: 1.5–2 mg/kg elemental zinc PO SID; use with veterinary guidance |
| Zinc Acetate Zinc deficiency, copper-associated hepatopathy (as a copper antagonist) Dog: 1 mg/kg elemental zinc PO SID; may be used in cases requiring copper reduction Cat: 1 mg/kg elemental zinc PO SID; limited data, use under veterinary supervision |
| Zinc Oxide Topical treatment for minor skin irritations, abrasions, and dermatitis Dog: Apply thin layer to affected area 1–2 times daily; avoid ingestion Cat: Not recommended due to risk of ingestion and toxicity |
| Dermazyme Zinc (Zinc-Methionine + Vitamins A & B) Zinc-responsive dermatosis, hyperkeratosis, seborrhea, skin recovery Dog: 1 tablet per 8 kg body weight PO BID; adjust based on severity and response Cat: 1 tablet per 8 kg body weight PO BID; monitor for efficacy and tolerance |
| Fecofol-Z Tablets Zinc deficiency syndrome, non-specific alopecia, recurrent skin problems Dog: <5 kg: ½–1 tablet BID; >5 kg: 1–2 tablets BID; administer with food Cat: <5 kg: ½–1 tablet BID; adjust dosage based on weight and clinical response |
| Zinc Plus Tablets Dermatological conditions, trace mineral and vitamin supplementation Dog: 1 tablet PO SID; contains zinc-amino acid complex, vitamins E, C, B-complex Cat: 1 tablet PO SID; use under veterinary guidance |
| Urine ketones(KET) Increased in: Breakdown of lipids. |
| Urobilinogen (UBG) Increased in: Liver disease , Hemolytic disease. |
| Urine glucose (GLU) Increased in: Elevated blood glucose concentration. |
| Decreased Creatinine (CREA) levels Reduced muscle mass (cachexia, muscular dystrophy, aging), hepatic insufficiency, protein malnutrition, prolonged fasting, overhydration, pregnancy, certain endocrine disorders (hyperadrenocorticism), dilutional effects from IV fluids, late-stage liver disease, decreased dietary protein intake, juvenile animals with low muscle mass, certain medications (corticosteroids), congenital myopathies. Dog: (Normal) 0.5-1.6 mg/dL Cat: (Normal) 0.6-2.4 mg/dL |
| Elevated Creatinine (CREA) levels Acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, urinary tract obstruction, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, renal hypoperfusion (dehydration, shock, heart failure), nephrotoxin exposure (ethylene glycol, aminoglycosides, NSAIDs), leptospirosis, renal dysplasia, amyloidosis, hydronephrosis, hypercalcemic nephropathy, renal neoplasia, severe muscle trauma (rhabdomyolysis), reduced renal perfusion from anesthesia, congenital renal disorders, severe hypertension, systemic infections affecting kidneys, heatstroke, certain parasitic infections (e.g., leishmaniasis). Dog: (Normal) 0.5-1.6 mg/dL Cat: (Normal) 0.6-2.4 mg/dL |
| RBC count Elevated in: dehydration, polycythemia vera, chronic hypoxia, high-altitude adaptation, right-to-left cardiac shunts, hyperadrenocorticism, splenic contraction, erythropoietin-secreting tumors Decreased in: blood loss (trauma, parasites), hemolysis (IMHA, toxins), bone marrow suppression, chronic disease, nutritional deficiencies (iron, B12), renal disease, inflammatory diseases Dog: (Normal) 5.5-8.5 million/μL Cat: (Normal) 5.0-10.0 million/μL |
| Reticulocyte count Elevated in: regenerative anemia (blood loss, hemolysis), erythropoietic response Decreased in: non-regenerative anemia (bone marrow failure), chronic disease Dog: (Normal) 0%-1.0% aggregate Cat: (Normal) 0%-10.5% punctate or 0%-1.0% aggregate |
| Hemoglobin (Hgb) Elevated in: polycythemia, dehydration, chronic hypoxia Decreased in: anemia, blood loss, hemolysis Dog: (Normal) 12-18 g/dL Cat: (Normal) 8-15 g/dL |
| Hematocrit (PCV) Elevated in: dehydration, polycythemia, splenic contraction Decreased in: anemia, overhydration, chronic disease Dog: (Normal) 37%-55% Cat: (Normal) 24%-45% |
| WBC count Elevated in: bacterial infections, inflammation, stress, leukemia, tissue necrosis Decreased in: viral infections, bone marrow suppression, severe sepsis, drug toxicity Dog: (Normal) 5.0-14.0 ×10³/μL Cat: (Normal) 5.5-19.5 ×10³/μL |
| Platelet count Elevated in: inflammatory disease, iron deficiency, hemorrhage, myeloproliferative disorders Decreased in: immune-mediated destruction, DIC, bone marrow disorders, severe bleeding Dog: (Normal) 200-500 ×10³/μL Cat: (Normal) 300-700 ×10³/μL |
| Blood glucose Elevated in: diabetes mellitus, stress hyperglycemia, pancreatitis, Cushing's disease Decreased in: insulin overdose, liver failure, sepsis, starvation Dog: (Normal) 70-120 mg/dL Cat: (Normal) 70-150 mg/dL |
| BUN Elevated in: renal failure, dehydration, high protein diet, GI bleeding Decreased in: liver disease, malnutrition, overhydration Dog: (Normal) 10-25 mg/dL Cat: (Normal) 15-30 mg/dL |
| Total protein Elevated in: dehydration, chronic inflammation, multiple myeloma Decreased in: protein loss (renal/GI), liver disease, malnutrition Dog: (Normal) 5.2-7.2 g/dL Cat: (Normal) 5.8-7.9 g/dL |
| Albumin Elevated in: dehydration Decreased in: liver disease, protein-losing enteropathy, nephropathy Dog: (Normal) 2.7-4.4 g/dL Cat: (Normal) 2.5-3.9 g/dL |
| ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase) Elevated in: hepatocellular damage, hepatitis, toxins, hepatic necrosis Decreased in: rare (end-stage liver disease, congenital deficiency) Dog: (Normal) 10-125 U/L Cat: (Normal) 10-100 U/L |
| ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase) Elevated in: cholestasis, steroid therapy, bone disease, Cushing's Decreased in: hypothyroidism, malnutrition Dog: (Normal) 5-160 U/L Cat: (Normal) 10-100 U/L |
| Total Bilirubin Elevated in: hemolysis, hepatic disease, bile duct obstruction Decreased in: rare clinical significance Dog: (Normal) 0.1-0.6 mg/dL Cat: (Normal) 0.1-0.4 mg/dL |
| Cholesterol Elevated in: hypothyroidism, diabetes, nephrotic syndrome Decreased in: liver disease, malabsorption Dog: (Normal) 120-250 mg/dL Cat: (Normal) 75-200 mg/dL |
| Amylase Elevated in: pancreatitis, renal disease, GI disease Decreased in: rare clinical significance Dog: (Normal) 300-1,500 U/L Cat: (Normal) 500-1,500 U/L |
| Lipase Elevated in: pancreatitis, renal failure, intestinal obstruction Decreased in: rare clinical significance Dog: (Normal) 30-700 U/L Cat: (Normal) 30-500 U/L |
| Sodium (Na+) Elevated in: dehydration, diabetes insipidus, hyperadrenocorticism Decreased in: vomiting/diarrhea, Addison's disease, renal failure Dog: (Normal) 140-154 mEq/L Cat: (Normal) 150-165 mEq/L |
| Potassium (K+) Elevated in: Addison's disease, acute renal failure, acidosis Decreased in: vomiting/diarrhea, diuretic use, hyperaldosteronism Dog: (Normal) 3.6-5.5 mEq/L Cat: (Normal) 3.8-5.4 mEq/L |
| Chloride (Cl-) Elevated in: dehydration, renal tubular acidosis Decreased in: vomiting, Addison's disease, diuretic use Dog: (Normal) 105-115 mEq/L Cat: (Normal) 110-125 mEq/L |
| Calcium (Ca²+) Elevated in: hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, vitamin D toxicity Decreased in: hypoparathyroidism, pancreatitis, renal failure Dog: (Normal) 9.0-11.5 mg/dL Cat: (Normal) 8.5-11.0 mg/dL |
| Phosphorus (P) Elevated in: renal failure, hypervitaminosis D, bone tumors Decreased in: hyperparathyroidism, malnutrition, insulin therapy Dog: (Normal) 2.5-6.0 mg/dL Cat: (Normal) 3.0-7.0 mg/dL |
| Magnesium (Mg²+) Elevated in: renal failure, hypothyroidism, dehydration Decreased in: diabetes mellitus, diuretic use, malabsorption Dog: (Normal) 1.5-2.5 mEq/L Cat: (Normal) 1.7-2.3 mEq/L |
| T4 (Thyroxine) Elevated in: hyperthyroidism (cats), thyroid hormone therapy Decreased in: hypothyroidism (dogs), euthyroid sick syndrome Dog: (Normal) 1.0-4.0 μg/dL Cat: (Normal) 0.8-4.0 μg/dL |
| SDMA (Symmetric Dimethylarginine) Elevated in: early renal disease, reduced renal function Decreased in: not clinically significant Dog: (Normal) 0-14 μg/dL Cat: (Normal) 0-14 μg/dL |
| Bile Acids Elevated in: portosystemic shunt, hepatic dysfunction Decreased in: not clinically significant Dog: (Normal) 0-10 μmol/L Cat: (Normal) 0-5 μmol/L |
| CPK (Creatine Phosphokinase) Elevated in: muscle trauma, myositis, seizures, IM injections Decreased in: not clinically significant Dog: (Normal) 10-200 U/L Cat: (Normal) 10-100 U/L |
| Triglycerides Elevated in: postprandial, diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism Decreased in: malnutrition, hyperthyroidism Dog: (Normal) 20-150 mg/dL Cat: (Normal) 10-100 mg/dL |
| Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Elevated in: hemolysis, muscle damage, hepatic disease Decreased in: not clinically significant Dog: (Normal) 20-500 U/L Cat: (Normal) 50-400 U/L |
| Fibrinogen Elevated in: inflammation, tissue damage, pregnancy Decreased in: DIC, severe liver disease Dog: (Normal) 100-400 mg/dL Cat: (Normal) 100-300 mg/dL |
| Iron (Fe) Elevated in: hemolytic anemia, iron poisoning Decreased in: chronic blood loss, iron deficiency Dog: (Normal) 60-180 μg/dL Cat: (Normal) 80-200 μg/dL |
| TIBC (Total Iron Binding Capacity) Elevated in: iron deficiency, pregnancy Decreased in: chronic disease, malnutrition Dog: (Normal) 250-400 μg/dL Cat: (Normal) 300-500 μg/dL |
| Ammonia Elevated in: portosystemic shunt, hepatic failure Decreased in: not clinically significant Dog: (Normal) 10-80 μg/dL Cat: (Normal) 10-70 μg/dL |
| Cortisol Elevated in: Cushing's disease, stress Decreased in: Addison's disease Dog: (Normal) 1-5 μg/dL Cat: (Normal) 1-5 μg/dL |
| Progesterone Elevated in: pregnancy, diestrus Decreased in: anestrus, ovarian failure Dog: Cat: |
| ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone) Elevated in: primary hypoadrenocorticism, pituitary-dependent Cushing's Decreased in: iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism, adrenal tumor Dog: (Normal) 10-80 pg/mL Cat: (Normal) 10-60 pg/mL |
| TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) Elevated in: primary hypothyroidism Decreased in: hyperthyroidism, secondary hypothyroidism Dog: (Normal) 0.01-0.6 ng/mL Cat: (Normal) 0.01-0.3 ng/mL |
| Insulin Elevated in: insulinoma, insulin resistance Decreased in: type 1 diabetes mellitus Dog: (Normal) 5-20 μIU/mL Cat: (Normal) 5-25 μIU/mL |
| Glucagon Elevated in: diabetes mellitus, glucagonoma Decreased in: chronic pancreatitis Dog: (Normal) 50-150 pg/mL Cat: (Normal) 40-130 pg/mL |
| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Elevated in: renal secondary hyperparathyroidism Decreased in: iatrogenic hypoparathyroidism Dog: (Normal) 2-13 pmol/L Cat: (Normal) 1-10 pmol/L |
| Growth Hormone (GH) Elevated in: acromegaly Decreased in: pituitary dwarfism Dog: (Normal) 1-5 ng/mL Cat: (Normal) 1-4 ng/mL |
| Leptin Elevated in: obesity Decreased in: starvation Dog: (Normal) 2-10 ng/mL Cat: (Normal) 1-8 ng/mL |
| Erythropoietin (EPO) Elevated in: chronic hypoxia, renal disease Decreased in: chronic renal failure Dog: (Normal) 5-30 mIU/mL Cat: (Normal) 5-25 mIU/mL |
| Serum Amyloid A (SAA) Elevated in: acute inflammation, infection, trauma Decreased in: not clinically significant Dog: (Normal) 0-5 μg/mL Cat: (Normal) 0-5 μg/mL |
| C-reactive Protein (CRP) Elevated in: inflammation, infection, tissue damage Decreased in: not clinically significant Dog: (Normal) 0-10 μg/mL Cat: (Normal) 0-5 μg/mL |
| Lipoprotein (a) Elevated in: cardiovascular risk, nephrotic syndrome Decreased in: not clinically significant Dog: (Normal) 0-30 mg/dL Cat: (Normal) 0-20 mg/dL |
| Homocysteine Elevated in: vitamin B deficiency, renal disease Decreased in: not clinically significant Dog: (Normal) 5-15 μmol/L Cat: (Normal) 5-12 μmol/L |
| NT-proBNP Elevated in: cardiac disease, heart failure Decreased in: not clinically significant Dog: Cat: |
| D-dimer Elevated in: DIC, thrombosis, inflammation Decreased in: not clinically significant Dog: Cat: |
| Antithrombin III Elevated in: not clinically significant Decreased in: DIC, liver disease, protein-losing nephropathy Dog: (Normal) 80-120% Cat: (Normal) 85-115% |
| Folate Elevated in: small intestinal bacterial overgrowth Decreased in: malabsorption, dietary deficiency Dog: (Normal) 5-15 ng/mL Cat: (Normal) 6-18 ng/mL |
| Vitamin B12 Elevated in: supplementation Decreased in: exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, ileal disease Dog: (Normal) 300-700 pg/mL Cat: (Normal) 400-800 pg/mL |
| GGT (Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase) Elevated in: biliary obstruction, hepatic disease, corticosteroid therapy Decreased in: not clinically significant Dog: (Normal) 1-12 U/L Cat: (Normal) 1-10 U/L |
| AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase) Elevated in: hepatic necrosis, muscle damage, hemolysis Decreased in: not clinically significant Dog: (Normal) 15-50 U/L Cat: (Normal) 10-40 U/L |
| GLDH (Glutamate Dehydrogenase) Elevated in: hepatic necrosis, hypoxia Decreased in: not clinically significant Dog: (Normal) 0-8 U/L Cat: (Normal) 0-5 U/L |
| SDH (Sorbitol Dehydrogenase) Elevated in: acute hepatocellular damage Decreased in: not clinically significant Dog: (Normal) 0-5 U/L Cat: (Normal) 0-4 U/L |
| 5'-Nucleotidase Elevated in: biliary obstruction, cholestasis Decreased in: not clinically significant Dog: (Normal) 0-10 U/L Cat: (Normal) 0-8 U/L |
| Arginase Elevated in: hepatic necrosis Decreased in: not clinically significant Dog: (Normal) 0-5 U/L Cat: (Normal) 0-4 U/L |
| Cholinesterase Elevated in: nephrotic syndrome Decreased in: organophosphate toxicity, chronic liver disease Dog: (Normal) 500-1500 U/L Cat: (Normal) 400-1200 U/L |
| LAP (Leucine Aminopeptidase) Elevated in: biliary disease Decreased in: not clinically significant Dog: (Normal) 10-80 U/L Cat: (Normal) 10-70 U/L |
| LD (Lactate Dehydrogenase) Elevated in: hemolysis, muscle damage, hepatic disease, neoplasia Decreased in: not clinically significant Dog: (Normal) 20-500 U/L Cat: (Normal) 50-400 U/L |
| CK-MB (Creatine Kinase-MB) Elevated in: myocardial damage, cardiac trauma Decreased in: not clinically significant Dog: (Normal) 0-5 U/L Cat: (Normal) 0-4 U/L |
| GST (Glutathione S-Transferase) Elevated in: acute hepatocellular injury Decreased in: not clinically significant Dog: (Normal) 0-5 μg/L Cat: (Normal) 0-4 μg/L |
| ADA (Adenosine Deaminase) Elevated in: tuberculosis, hepatic fibrosis Decreased in: not clinically significant Dog: (Normal) 5-25 U/L Cat: (Normal) 5-20 U/L |
| GR (Glutathione Reductase) Elevated in: oxidative stress Decreased in: nutritional deficiencies Dog: (Normal) 5-40 U/L Cat: (Normal) 5-35 U/L |
| IDH (Isocitrate Dehydrogenase) Elevated in: hepatic necrosis Decreased in: not clinically significant Dog: (Normal) 2-15 U/L Cat: (Normal) 2-12 U/L |
| Monocytes Elevated in: chronic inflammation, stress response, bacterial infections Decreased in: acute viral infections, bone marrow suppression Dog: (Normal) 1-4% of WBCs Cat: (Normal) 1-3% of WBCs |
| Leukocytes (WBC) Elevated in: bacterial infections, inflammation, leukemia Decreased in: viral infections, bone marrow disorders Dog: (Normal) 5.0-14.0 ×10³/μL Cat: (Normal) 5.5-19.5 ×10³/μL |
| Basophils Elevated in: allergic reactions, parasitic infections Decreased in: acute stress response Dog: (Normal) 0-1% of WBCs Cat: (Normal) 0-1% of WBCs |
| Eosinophils Elevated in: parasitic infections, allergies Decreased in: acute bacterial infections Dog: (Normal) 2-10% of WBCs Cat: (Normal) 2-12% of WBCs |
| Neutrophils Elevated in: bacterial infections, inflammation Decreased in: viral infections, bone marrow suppression Dog: (Normal) 60-70% of WBCs Cat: (Normal) 35-75% of WBCs |
| Lymphocytes Elevated in: viral infections, chronic inflammation Decreased in: acute bacterial infections Dog: (Normal) 12-30% of WBCs Cat: (Normal) 20-55% of WBCs |
| Band Neutrophils Elevated in: acute bacterial infections, inflammation Decreased in: not clinically significant Dog: (Normal) 0-3% of WBCs Cat: (Normal) 0-3% of WBCs |
| Segmented Neutrophils Elevated in: bacterial infections, stress Decreased in: viral infections, bone marrow disorders Dog: (Normal) 60-70% of WBCs Cat: (Normal) 35-75% of WBCs |
| Plasma Cells Elevated in: chronic inflammation, immune stimulation Decreased in: not clinically significant Dog: (Normal) 0-1% of WBCs Cat: (Normal) 0-1% of WBCs |
| Metamyelocytes Elevated in: bone marrow response, severe inflammation Decreased in: not clinically significant Dog: (Normal) 0% of WBCs Cat: (Normal) 0% of WBCs |
| Myelocytes Elevated in: bone marrow disorders, severe infections Decreased in: not clinically significant Dog: (Normal) 0% of WBCs Cat: (Normal) 0% of WBCs |
| Promyelocytes Elevated in: myeloproliferative disorders Decreased in: not clinically significant Dog: (Normal) 0% of WBCs Cat: (Normal) 0% of WBCs |
| Blast Cells Elevated in: acute leukemia, bone marrow disorders Decreased in: not clinically significant Dog: (Normal) 0% of WBCs Cat: (Normal) 0% of WBCs qqq |
| Eosinophilia Ectoparasites, Heartworm disease, Numerous nematodes species, Various trematodes species, Oral granuloma, Babesia canis, Hepatozoon americanum, H. canis, Pneumocystis carinii, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Pythium spp.,Blastomyces dermatitidis, Gastrointestinal eosinophilic granuloma, Ulcerative gastroenteritis, Pulmonary granuloma, Pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia, Asthma, Panosteitis, Pyometra, Atopy, Feline eosinophilic granuloma complex, Food hypersensitivity, Eosinophilic keratitis, Canine eosinophilic granuloma, Eosinophilic leukemia, Myeloid leukemia, Lymphoma, Lymphomatoid granulomatosis, Sarcomas, Mast cell neoplasia, Hypoadrenocorticism, Hyperthyroidism, Estrus, Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. |
| Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) Dog: (Normal)58-79 fL Cat: (Normal)37-61 fL Elevated in: ddd Decreased in: ccc |
| Decreased Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase(GGT) levels congenital GGT deficiency, certain metabolic disorders, prolonged malnutrition, severe end-stage liver disease with loss of hepatocyte function, hypothyroidism, chronic protein deficiency, certain genetic conditions, prolonged parenteral nutrition, terminal hepatic failure. |
| Elevated Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase(GGT) levels cholestasis (intrahepatic or extrahepatic), biliary obstruction, hepatic lipidosis, corticosteroid hepatopathy, pancreatitis, hepatic neoplasia, chronic hepatitis, gallbladder mucocele, drug-induced hepatotoxicity (phenobarbital, glucocorticoids), hyperadrenocorticism, diabetes mellitus, portosystemic shunt with secondary changes, infectious hepatopathies (leptospirosis, canine adenovirus), bile duct inflammation, copper-associated hepatopathy, breed-specific conditions (Bedlington Terrier copper storage disease), inflammatory bowel disease affecting liver, sepsis, trauma to biliary system. |
| Normal Insulin level Feline: 15-35 μIU/mL Canine: 15-35 μIU/mL |
| Lymphocyte Count Normal=Feline: 1200-8000 cells/μL Canine: 690-4500 cells/μL Elevated in: Canine toxoplasmosis Decreased in: |
| Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, Serum TLI (Trypsin-like Immunoreactivity):normal 5.2 to 35 ng/mL, Serum TLI is markedly decreased in dogs with Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency,( < 2.5 ng/mLL.) |
| Nutritional Myopathy. Generalized or localized weakness , Difficulty standing or walking , Reluctance to exercise or play, Stiff gait, especially after rest, Muscle Atrophy in the limbs or spine, Fine muscle twitching, Involuntary movements, Lethargy, Difficulty Swallowing or Chewing , regurgitation or aspiration pneumonia, Exercise intolerance, Rapid breathing, Coughing Elevated in: Sodium, Lactic dehydrogenase,Serum glutamate oxalacetate transaminase-SGOT, Serum creatine phosphokinase. Decreased in: Creatine, Potassium, Alkaline phosphate. |
| Blood urea nitrogen(BUN)
kidney function , Dehydration , Heart disease , Shock or Urinary obstruction. Increased in Decreased kidney function , Dehydration , Heart disease , Shock or Urinary obstruction. Decreased in Overhydration. |
| Phosphorus ( PHOS)
Kidney disease , Growing puppies and kittens , Increased loss , Decreased intake. Increased in Kidney disease , Growing puppies and kittens. Decreased in Increased loss , Decreased intake. |
| Calcium (Ca+)
Kidney disease , Certain cancer types , Certain toxicities , Parathyroid disease , Parathyroid diseases. Increased in Kidney disease , Certain cancer types , Certain toxicities , Parathyroid disease. Decreased in certain Parathyroid diseases. |
| Albumin (ALB) Dehydration , Liver function , Blood loss , Gastrointestinal disease , Kidney disease. Increased in : Dehydration. Decreased in : Decreased liver function , Blood loss , Gastrointestinal disease , Kidney disease. |
| Amylase (AMYL) Pancreatitis , Kidney disease , Gastrointestinal disease , Certain drug treatments. Increased in : Pancreatitis , Kidney disease , Gastrointestinal disease , Certain drug treatments , degree of Pancreatitis. Decreased in : - - - |
| Lipase (LIPA) Pancreatitis , Kidney disease , Gastrointestinal disease , Certain drug treatments. Increased in : Pancreatitis , Kidney disease , Gastrointestinal disease , Certain drug treatments , Degree of pancreatitis. Decreased in : - - - |
| Total protein (TP) Dehydration , Inflammatory condition , Decreased liver function. Increased in Dehydration , Inflammatory condition. Decreased in Decreased liver function. |
| Globulin (GLOB) Inflammation , Potential chronic infection , Blood loss , Gastrointestinal loss , Immune deficiencies. Increased in: Inflammation , Potential chronic infection. Decreased in : Blood loss , Gastrointestinal loss , Immune deficiencies. |
| IO (intraosseous) အရိုးရှည်များ၏အတွင်းအခေါင်းထဲသို့ထိုးသွင်းရန် |
| PO (per os, oral) ပါးစပ်မှတိုက်ကျွေးရန် |
| IC (intracardiac) နှလုံးအတွင်းသို့ထိုးသွင်းရန် |
| IM (intramuscular) အသားစိုင်တွင်းသို့ထိုးသွင်းရန် |
| IV (intravenous) သွေးပြန်ကြောအတွင်းသို့ထိုးသွင်းရန် |
| SC (subcutaneous) အရေပြားအောက်သို့ထိုးသွင်းရန် |
| IT (intratracheal IO intraosseous) အသက်ရှူလေပြွန်အတွင်းသို့ထိုးသွင်းရန် |
| IP (intraperitoneal Dosage Schedules) ကိုယ်တွင်းခေါင်းအတွင်းသို့ထိုးသွင်းရန် |
| QID (four times daily; every 6 hours တစ်နေ့(၄)ကြိမ်-(၆)နာရီခြားတစ်ကြိမ် |
| TID (three times daily; every 8 hours) တစ်နေ့(၃)ကြိမ်-(၈)နာရီခြားတစ်ကြိမ် |
| BID (twice daily; every 12 hours) တစ်နေ့(၂)ကြိမ်-(၁၂)နာရီခြားတစ်ကြိမ် |
| SID (once daily; every 24 hours)
တစ်နေ့(၁)ကြိမ်-(၂၄)နာရီခြားတစ်ကြိမ် |
| QOD (once every other day; every 48 hours) တစ်ရက်ခြား(၁)ကြိမ်-(၄၈)နာရီခြားတစ်ကြိမ် |
| q (every) |
အကြိမ်တိုင်း အခါတိုင်း |
| Albumin Dog: 2.3–3.4 g/dL Cat: 2.3–3.5 g/dL |
| Globulins Dog: 3.0–4.7 g/dL Cat: 2.6–5.0 g/dL |
| Globulins (Alpha-1) Dog: 0.3–0.8 g/dL Cat: 0.3–0.5 g/dL |
| Globulins Alpha-2 Dog: 0.5–1.3 g/dL (5–13 g/L) Cat: 0.4–1.0 g/dL (4–10 g/L) |
| Globulins Beta Dog: 0.7–1.8 g/dL (7–18 g/L) Cat: 0.6–1.9 g/dL (6–19 g/L) |
| Globulins Gamma Dog: 0.4–1.0 g/dL (4–10 g/L) Cat: 0.5–1.5 g/dL (5–15 g/L) |
| Total Protein Dog: 5.5–8.0 g/dL (55–80 g/L) Cat: 6–8 g/dL (60–80 g/L) |
| Albumin Dog: 2.3–3.4 g/dL (23–34 g/L) Cat: 2.3–3.5 g/dL (23–35 g/L) |
| Globulins Dog: 3.0–4.7 g/dL (30–47 g/L) Cat: 2.6–5.0 g/dL (26–50 g/L) |
| Globulins Alpha-1 Dog: 0.3–0.8 g/dL (3–8 g/L) Cat: 0.3–0.5 g/dL (3–5 g/L) |
| Normal Glucose Dog: 75–120 mg/dL Cat: 70–150 mg/dL |
| Normal BUN. (Dog) 7–27 mg/dL (Cat) 16–36 mg/dL |
| Normal Calcium. (Dog) 9.0–11.5 mg/dL (Cat) 8.2–10.8 mg/dL |
| Normal Phosphorus. (Dog) 2.5–6.2 mg/dL (Cat) 2.5–6.6 mg/dL |
| Normal Sodium. (Dog) 140–155 mEq/L (Cat) 146–158 mEq/L |
| Normal Potassium. (Dog) 3.5–5.0 mEq/L (Cat) 3.5–5.2 mEq/L |
| Normal Chloride. (Dog) 105–131 mEq/L (Cat) 114–126 mEq/L |
| Normal Magnesium. (Dog) 1.8–3.0 mg/dL (Cat) 1.9–2.28 mg/dL |
| Normal Iron. (Dog) 80–190 µg/dL (Cat) 70–215 µg/dL |
| Normal Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC). (Dog) 280–340 µg/dL (Cat) 295–400 µg/dL |
| Normal Triglyceride. (Dog) 10–42 mg/dL (Cat) 6–58 mg/dL |
| Normal Cholesterol. (Dog) 100–265 mg/dL (Cat) 87–197 mg/dL |
| Normal Bilirubin Total. (Dog) 0.1–0.6 mg/dL (Cat) 0.1–0.6 mg/dL |
| Normal Bilirubin Direct (conjugated). (Dog) 0–0.14 mg/dL (Cat) 0–0.15 mg/dL |
| Normal Bilirubin Indirect (unconjugated). (Dog) 0.07–0.60 mg/dL (Cat) 0.09–0.20 mg/dL |
| Normal Total Protein. (Dog) 5.0–7.1 g/dL (Cat) 5.0–8.0 g/dL |
| Normal Albumin. (Dog) 2.8–4.0 g/dL (Cat) 2.3–3.5 g/dL |
| Normal Globulin. (Dog) 3.0–4.7 g/dL (Cat) 2.6–5.0 g/dL |
| Normal SAP (Serum Alkaline Phosphatase). (Dog) 20–150 IU/L (Cat) 10–100 IU/L |
| Normal SALT (Serum Alanine Aminotransferase). (Dog) 15–70 IU/L (Cat) 10–50 IU/L |
| Normal SAST (Serum Aspartate Aminotransferase). (Dog) 10–50 IU/L (Cat) 10–40 IU/L |
| Normal LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase). (Dog) 50–495 IU/L (Cat) 75–495 IU/L |
| Normal GGT (Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase). (Dog) 1–11.5 IU/L (Cat) 1–10 IU/L |
| Normal Amylase. (Dog) 300–2000 IU/L (Cat) 500–1800 IU/L |
| Normal NH3 (Ammonia). (Dog) Under 120–150 µg/dL (Cat) - µg/dL |
| Normal Lactate. (Dog) 5–20 mg/dL (Cat) - mg/dL |
| Normal Pyruvate. (Dog) 0.1–0.2 mEq/L (Cat) - mEq/L |
| Normal Blood pH. (Dog) 7.31–7.42 (Cat) 7.24–7.40 |
| Normal Blood Lead. (Dog) Under 25 µg/dL (Cat) Under 25 µg/dL |
| Normal BUN Dog: 7–29 mg/dL Cat: 16–36 mg/dL |
| Normal Calcium Dog: 9.6–11.9 mg/dL Cat: 8.8–10.4 mg/dL |
| Normal Phosphorus Dog: 2.5–6.0 mg/dL Cat: 2.5–6.0 mg/dL |
| Normal Sodium Dog: 142–152 mEq/L Cat: 146–156 mEq/L |
| Normal Potassium Dog: 3.9–5.3 mEq/L Cat: 3.3–5.2 mEq/L |
| Normal Chloride Dog: 107–113 mEq/L Cat: 117–123 mEq/L |
| Normal Magnesium. (Dog) 0.57–0.91 mmol/L (Cat) 0.74–1.07 mmol/L |
| Normal Iron. (Dog) 13.1–25.1 µmol/L (Cat) 10.2–29.0 µmol/L |
| Normal Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC). (Dog) 44.8–71.6 µmol/L (Cat) 44.8–71.6 µmol/L |
| Normal Cholesterol. (Dog) 3.1–10.1 mmol/L (Cat) 1.8–3.9 mmol/L |
| Normal Total Bilirubin. (Dog) <3.4 µmol/L (Cat) <3.4 µmol/L |
| Normal Indirect (Unconjugated) Bilirubin. (Dog) 0–15 µmol/L (Cat) 0–15 µmol/L |
| Normal Total Protein. (Dog) 54–75 g/L (Cat) 57–94 g/L |
| Normal Albumin. (Dog) 26–35 g/L (Cat) 28–39 g/L |
| Normal Globulin (Dog) 2.3–4.2 g/dL (Cat) 2.8–5.1 g/dL |
| Normal SAP (Serum Alkaline Phosphatase) (Dog) 20–150 U/L (Cat) 10–100 U/L |
| Normal AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase) (Dog) 15–66 U/L (Cat) 10–50 U/L |
| Normal ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase) (Dog) 10–125 U/L (Cat) 10–100 U/L |
| Normal LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase) (Dog) 50–250 U/L (Cat) 75–495 U/L |
| Normal Bile Acids, Fasting (Dog) 0–14.9 µmol/L (Cat) 0–6.9 µmol/L |
| Normal Bile Acids, Postprandial (Dog) 0–29.9 µmol/L (Cat) 0–14.9 µmol/L |
| Normal Amylase (Dog) 300–1500 U/L (Cat) 500–1800 U/L |
| Normal Lipase (Dog) 200–700 U/L (Cat) 200–700 U/L |
| Normal CK (Creatine Kinase). (Dog) 44–249 U/L (Cat) 58–489 U/L |
| Normal CO₂ (Carbon Dioxide). (Dog) 15–25 mmol/L (Cat) 14–21 mmol/L |
| Normal HCO₃ (Bicarbonate). (Dog) 15–25 mmol/L (Cat) 14–21 mmol/L |
| Normal NH₃ (Ammonia). (Dog) 69–87 µmol/L (Cat) 69–87 µmol/L |
| Normal Osmolality. (Dog) 290–310 mOsm/kg (Cat) 290–330 mOsm/kg |
| Normal Blood Lead. (Dog) Under 1.21 µmol/L (Cat) Under 1.21 µmol/L |
| Normal Myeloblasts. (Dog) Less than 1% (Cat) Less than 1% |
| Normal Progranulocytes. (Dog) Less than 1% (Cat) Less than 1% |
| Normal Neutrophilic Myelocytes. (Dog) Less than 1% (Cat) Less than 1% |
| Normal Eosinophilic Myelocytes. (Dog) 0% (Cat) 0% |
| Normal Neutrophilic Metamyelocytes. (Dog) 0% (Cat) 0% |
| Normal Eosinophilic Metamyelocytes. (Dog) 0% (Cat) 0% |
| Normal Band Neutrophils. (Dog) 0–0.3 ×10³/μL (Cat) 0–0.3 ×10³/μL |
| Normal Band Eosinophils. (Dog) 0% (Cat) 0% |
| Normal Neutrophils. (Dog) 60–77% (Cat) 48–78% |
| Normal Eosinophils. (Dog) 2–10% (Cat) 2–12% |
| Normal Basophils. (Dog) 0–1% (Cat) 0–1% |
| Normal Total Granulocytes. (Dog) 60–77% (Cat) 48–78% |
| Normal Lymphocytes. (Dog) 12–30% (Cat) 20–55% |
| Normal Plasma Cells. (Dog) 0–1% (Cat) 0–1% |
| Normal Reticulum Cells. (Dog) 0–1% (Cat) 0–1% |
| Normal Mitotic Cells. (Dog) 0–1% (Cat) 0–1% |
| Normal Hemoglobin. (Dog) 12–18 g/dL (Cat) 9–15 g/dL |
| Normal Erythrocytes (RBC Count). (Dog) 5.5–8.5 ×10⁶/μL (Cat) 5.0–10.0 ×10⁶/μL |
| Normal MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume). (Dog) 60–77 fL (Cat) 39–55 fL |
| Normal MCHC (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration). (Dog) 32–36 g/dL (Cat) 30–36 g/dL |
| Normal RBC Lifespan. (Dog) ~120 days (Cat) ~70 days |
| Normal Platelets. (Dog) 200–500 ×10³/μL (Cat) 300–800 ×10³/μL |
| Normal Leukocytes (WBC Count). (Dog) 6,000–17,000 /μL (Cat) 5,500–19,500 /μL |
| Normal Segmented Neutrophils. (Dog) 3,000–11,500 /μL (Cat) 2,500–12,500 /μL |
| Normal Band Neutrophils. (Dog) 0–300 /μL (Cat) 0–300 /μL |
| Normal Lymphocytes. (Dog) 1,000–4,800 /μL (Cat) 1,500–7,000 /μL |
| Normal Monocytes. (Dog) 150–1,350 /μL (Cat) 0–850 /μL |
| Normal Eosinophils. (Dog) 100–750 /μL (Cat) 0–750 /μL |
| Normal Basophils. (Dog) Rare (Cat) Rare |
| Normal Total Solids. (Dog) 6.0–8.0 g/dL (Cat) 6.0–8.0 g/dL |
| Normal Platelet Count. (Dog) 175,000–500,000 /μL (Cat) 190,000–400,000 /μL |
| Normal Clot Retraction at 37°C. (Dog) 1–2 hr (Cat) 1–2 hr |
| Normal Bleeding Time, Buccal Mucosal. (Dog) 2–4 min (Cat) 1–4 min |
| Normal Cuticle Bleeding Time. (Dog) 3–6 min (Cat) 3–6 min |
| Normal Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT). (Dog) 12–22 sec (Cat) 12–22 sec |
| Normal Prothrombin Time (PT). (Dog) 7–10 sec (Cat) 7–10 sec |
| Normal Russell’s Viper Venom Time (RVVT). (Dog) 10–14 sec (Cat) 10–14 sec |
| Normal Thrombin Time (TT). (Dog) 10–20 sec (Cat) 10–20 sec |
| Normal Fibrinogen. (Dog) 150–400 mg/dL (Cat) 150–350 mg/dL |
| Normal Fibrin Split Products (FSP). (Dog) < 20 µg/mL (Cat) < 20 µg/mL |
| Normal Body Temperature. Large breed dog: 100.5–102.5 °F Small breed dog: 100.5–102.5 °F Large breed cat: 100.5–102.5 °F Small breed cat: 100.5–102.5 °F Cat (general): 100.5–102.5 °F |
| Normal Respiration Rate. Large breed dog: 15–30 breaths/min Small breed dog: 15–30 breaths/min Large breed cat: 20–30 breaths/min Small breed cat: 20–30 breaths/min |
| Normal Heart Rate. Large breed dog: 60–100 /min Small breed dog: 100–140 /min Large breed cat: 120–180 /min Small breed cat: 120–180 /min |
| Normal Pulse Rate. Large breed dog: 60–100 /min Small breed dog: 100–140 /min Cat: 120–180 /min |
| Duration of Pregnancy. Large breed dog: 58–68 days Small breed dog: 58–68 days Large breed cat: 58–67 days Small breed cat: 58–67 days |
| Number of Teeth (Adult). Dogs: 42 teeth Cats: 30 teeth |
| Number of Teeth (Deciduous). Puppies: 28 teeth Kittens: 26 teeth |
| Normal Respiration Rate. Large breed dog: 15–30 breaths/min Small breed dog: 15–30 breaths/min Large breed cat: 20–30 breaths/min Small breed cat: 20–30 breaths/min |
| Normal Heart Rate. Large breed dog: 60–100 beats/min Small breed dog: 100–140 beats/min Large breed cat: 120–180 beats/min Small breed cat: 140–220 beats/min |
| Normal Heart Rate (General). Dog: 70–160 beats/min Cat: 140–210 beats/min |
| Normal Respiration Rate (Cats). Large breed cat: 20–30 breaths/min Small breed cat: 20–30 breaths/min |
| Normal Pulse Rate (Cats). Large breed cat: 140–210 beats/min Small breed cat: 140–220 beats/min |
| Normal Respiratory Rate. Dog: 16–20 breaths/min Cat: 20–24 breaths/min |
| Capillary Refill Time (CRT). Dog: Under 2 sec Cat: Under 2 sec |
| Systolic Blood Pressure. Dog: 130–170 mm Hg Cat: 130–170 mm Hg |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure. Dog: 60–100 mm Hg Cat: 60–100 mm Hg |
| Urine Output. Dog: 1–2 mL/kg/hr Cat: 1–2 mL/kg/hr |
| Central Venous Pressure (CVP). Normal: 0–10 cm H2O Shock: 0 cm H2O Overhydration: 8–12 cm H2O Heart Failure: 20 cm H2O Cardiac Tamponade: 22–25 cm H2O |
| Arterial Blood Gases (Room Air). pH (Dog & Cat): 7.35–7.45 PaCO₂ (Dog & Cat): 35–45 mm Hg PaO₂ (Dog & Cat): 85–100 mm Hg HCO₃⁻ (Dog & Cat): 18–25 mEq/L |
| Venous Blood Gases. pH (Dog & Cat): 7.32–7.43 PvCO₂ (Dog & Cat): 40–50 mm Hg PvO₂ (Dog & Cat): 35–45 mm Hg |
| Lactic Acid. Dog: Under 2.5 mmol/L Cat: Under 2.5 mmol/L |
| Neutropenia. Dogs: Lower than 2900/μL Cats: Lower than 2500/μL |
| Reproductive Cycle of Cat. Puberty: 4–12 months Cycle Type: Seasonally polyestrous Cycle Length: 14–21 days Estrus Duration: 6–7 days Small breeds reach puberty earlier; large breeds later. |
| Reproductive Cycle of Dog. Puberty: 6–24 months Cycle Type: Non-seasonal (throughout the year) Cycle Interval: 6–7 months Estrus Duration: Approximately 9 days Small breeds reach puberty earlier; large breeds later. |
| aaa bbb Dog: ddd Cat: ccc |
| aaa bbb Dog: ddd Cat: ccc |
| aaa bbb Dog: ddd Cat: ccc |
| Causes of decreased calcium (ca) levels
hypoparathyroidism, acute pancreatitis, chronic kidney disease, hypoalbuminemia, ethylene glycol toxicity, nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism, eclampsia (puerperal tetany), intestinal malabsorption, phosphate enema toxicity, blood transfusion with citrate anticoagulant, sepsis, critical illness, hypomagnesemia, vitamin D deficiency, rickets, protein-losing enteropathy, liver failure, hypercalcitoninism, certain chemotherapy drugs, prolonged diuretic use. |
| Causes of elevated calcium (ca) level hyperparathyroidism (primary or secondary), hypercalcemia of malignancy (lymphoma, anal sac adenocarcinoma, multiple myeloma, bone metastases), vitamin D toxicity, chronic kidney disease, Addison's disease, granulomatous diseases (blastomycosis, histoplasmosis), idiopathic hypercalcemia (especially in cats but occasionally dogs), bone osteolysis, apocrine gland adenocarcinoma, thiazide diuretic use, dehydration, hyperproteinemia, aluminium toxicity, prolonged immobilization, paraneoplastic syndromes, excessive calcium supplementation, milk-alkali syndrome. |
| Causes of Atrial Fibrillation. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a cardiac arrhythmia characterized by irregular and rapid electrical activity in the atria. Age. Hypertension. Coronary artery disease. Heart failure. Valvular heart disease (e.g., mitral valve disease). Congenital heart defects Hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroidism. Enlarged left atrium. Obesity. Diabetes. Stimulants and drugs: (caffeine, nicotine, cocaine or amphetamines) Chronic lung diseases. kidney disease. infections (e.g., pneumonia) |
| The causes of mitral insufficiency. Mitral Valve Prolapse. Rheumatic Heart Disease. Infective Endocarditis. Congenital Heart Defects. Myocardial Infarction. Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Age-related mitral valve degeneration. |
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